How Meaningful Is The Concept Of International Human Resource Management Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2659 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In todays world, it has become an intense requirement for us to manage the human resource when taken in a global context. A lot of companies all around the world have started climbing the ladder of success by efficiently managing the human resource. As national markets have chained up together to form one large global market, it has thus made managing human resource more crucial and unpredictable because of the uncertainties when it is taken in a global context. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Meaningful Is The Concept Of International Human Resource Management Business Essay" essay for you Create order A its impact, the human resource management has been categorized into general HRM, Comparative HRM, Strategic HRM and Comparative HRM (Schuler, 2000), which has been discussed further down. Human Resource Management The three different types of HRM are mainly derived from the general HRM, which forms the basic functional unit of any developing organisation, which needs a special attention in this section of the study. HRM enables every person of the organisation to carry out a task that matches his/her job profile thus manages time as well.HRM needs expertise to manage the people and time in the most efficient way which would have a positive impact on the function of the organisation. HRM should be updated not only for the improvement of the organisation, but for the development of the future perspective as well.HRM, thus continuously involves itself in the development of tasks which are essentially needed for the proper function of an organisation. A number of continuous improvement tools like Kaizen, 5S, TQM etc are available which should be implemented in the organisation to improve its function and performance at a very higher level. Thus, the work of HRM mainly includes managing and devel oping those features of the organisation for example, its people and its practices, which the organisation can stress on considering it to be its skill helpful in making its stand in the global market. They also help the organisation to focus on factors such as its competition in the market, the arriving technologies, the way it could structure the business to better suit the environment and its legal implications which would help the business to know where it stands and to improve the ways it could prolong its sustenance in the market. Personnel versus HRM HRM which was earlier restricted only to a domestic focus has now shifted to a wider global focus. In the context of an organisation, HRM, which used to have an impact on the operation, has now started having a strong impact on the strategic issues of the organisation. HRM department which was only restricted to recruiting people has now grown closely connected to the operation department of the organisation. They in addition to recruitment have started working in a close contact with the managers and the customers of the firm. Thus the HRM has climbed from a domestic issue to a more global issue, and so have their goals. The role of the personnel management is restricted to attracting people to the organisation, whereas, the HRM deals with making the workforce competitive and obliges itself to the profitability of the organisation as well. (Schuler, 2000). Earlier the real concern was given only to the development and improvement of human resource products and services when com pared to understanding how it might imply on the strategy of the business. Consequently, human resource expertise has become more generalists (Schuler, 2000). HRM operates at both individual and department level. At individual level, it concentrates on making individuals multi-skilled, on contrast to which, at the department level, it tries to work with a group of skilful expertise to serve the customer needs. As seen, the personnel management thrives on practices that focus on an individual level, whereas the HRM focuses on teams when compared to individuals. Figure 1 provides a clear distinction between the personnel Management and Human Resource Management. Fig 1. Comparison between personnel and Human Resource management (Schuler, 2000) Comparative HRM As the world today runs on a intense battlefield, business practitioners have started paying due considerations to the factors that would affect and influence an organisations ability to get adapted to the socio- economic changes that it is subjected to. For instance, various success stories have started surfacing about the economic performance of organisations because of its contribution towards forming a flexible labour market. (Budhwar and Debrah, 2001). Developing countries have started restructuring their labour markets to increase recruitment and productivity. However, there had been a lot of variations in the comparative HRM, because of the difficulties in the methods adopted for carrying out the comparative researches which yield and develop theories. (Schuler, 2000). There has been an alternate view as well. The idea of comparing the human resource management of various countries has not come along so well. Though there has been an extensive study of HRM, neither the re had not been any good comparative studies of the HRM practices between two different countries, nor there any study of HRM in relationship to the business strategies and its impact on developing competitive skills. Though there has been an extensive study of HRM, neither there had not been any good comparative studies of the HRM practices between two different countries, nor there any study to examine the relationship of HRM to the business strategies and its impact on developing competitive skills. Thus a lot of attentions need to be focussed on the practices of the HRM when it comes to a global context (Brewster, 1999). Every organisation adapts itself to the national culture it is subjected to, however, when firms move globally or in other words, globalise, there becomes an intense need to shift their HRM practices that would suit the culture of that particular nation they exist in. This is the positive challenge faced by the organisations all around the globe. The more the firm tries to globalise, the more intense it has the impact of the culture, which is represented by its workforce. (Brewster and Harris, 1999). As an organisation moves from a domestic level to a more globalise level, it starts confronting different cultures which has said earlier represented by its work force. Thus it becomes difficult to do business because of the practical issues related to the cultural implications. This might create a lot of dilemma. For instance, which religious holiday must the organisation regard which further depends upon the workforce employed. Also, the organisation might have problem in accepting a particular standard language as the workforce would be multi-linguistic. Similarly, many other legal and political aspects needs to be noticed while taking the comparative HRM into consideration. (Brewster and Harris, 1999). Strategic HRM Strategic HRM, which is largely based upon the business strategies, concerns the following: (a) HRM has become a inseparable constituent of the organisations as it decides over the strategy taken up by the firm. (b) HR policies are practiced consistently across all the levels of hierarchy in the organisation and (c) HR practices have become so essential component of success that line managers and employees have retained it at all levels in the organisation in the day -to -day life. These points explain that the strategic HRM gets itself involved from the top to the bottom order of the organisation. These ideas also state that: it joints, it integrates, and it connects across all levels in organizations (Jackson and Schuler, 2000). Its main purpose is to form a proper balance between the human resource and the strategy of the organisation, and decides over how the human resource of the firm could be efficiently used to attain all the required strategies of the firm. The main compone nts of SHRM are illustrated in Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Main components of Strategic HRM (Jackson and Schuler, 2000) Generally, firms are required to define, obtain and retain the business strategies during agitations and these requirements mainly decide over the overall growth, flexibility and the profit margin of the organisation. Various factors such as the economic state and the culture to which the business is subjected may decide over the requirement of the firm and would influence it to establish its business strategies. Human resource managers have repeatedly been working on combining the HRM activities with the strategic activities, so that they could state what the requirement is in establishing the business strategies. Not only in the agitations, but also in the non-commotion times, there have been distinct linkages found between HRM and Strategic HRM. These linkages are favoured by the organisation, which helps in implementing these strategies. (Jackson and Schuler, 2000). To initiate a particular act, the business has to convert itself into a state of action, which further decides upon its strategic business goals (Schuler 2000). To attain these strategic goals, the business relies on the fact that the statement conveys a more specific action element, starting with an influence on a variety of human resource activities.(Schuler, 2000). International HRM The world has been undergoing constant changes every single day. No matter what the size of the market is or no matter how intense the market is, an organisation has to take risks in globalising itself to taste the fruit of success. And also, the success of many products and services depend upon the location and taste. However, many multinational enterprises still have hurdles thriving upon a diverse environment. The MNEs as their name suggests, are globally competitive and are managed nationally like they were one large market with distinctly separate and similar market and internationally as one large market. (Brewster and Harris, 1999). Though these trends provide a lot of opportunities, they had put a lot of challenge at the front as well about how the MNEs can compete efficiently and attain success. Having understood the scenario clearly, it becomes the job of the international HRM to management the firm locally and internationally as well. The ability to withstand in an un known global market and operating with a multinational workforce marks the main difference between the domestic and international HRM. (Brewster and Harris, 1999). 5.1 Approaches to International HRM There are three main approaches that distinctly mark the international HRM from the others. Work in this field signified a cross-cultural management approach and examined human behaviour within firms to form an global perspective (Adler, 1997). The second approach involved itself from the close relationship between the HRM and the industries and provides a comparison and analysis of the HRM practices in various countries (Brewster and Hegewisch, 1994). Finally, the third approach provides its complete focus on the different aspects and ideas of HRM in organisations operating in global markets. (Dowling, Welch and Schuler, 1999). Thus, these approaches help us to find what the implications of the HRM practices are, when the firm is internationalised or globalised. Each of the given three approaches function with a different view towards the international HRM. 5.2 Defining International HRM from the perspective of a MNEs: Before stepping up with the international HRM, one should make oneself clear with the definition of the general HRM, which refers to those policies or practices undertaken by any organisation to consider and manage human as its resource in the most efficient way. There are a wide range of activities that the HRM might include, mainly, Human resource planning, staffing, performance management, training and development, compensation and benefits and labour relations. (Dowling, Welch and Schuler, 1999). Initially, what is required here is to analyse which of the above mentioned practices mainly is affected and changes when HRM is internationalised. This question could be easily answered by analysing the model which was first presented by Morgan (1986) and was provided with three different aspects. (a) According to his model, the three basic practices or activities of the human resource mainly include possession of the resources, allocating resources and using the resources and the above mentioned six activities are just the expansion of these basic activities. (b) When the business is internationalised, the nations that are involved in the activities are categorised as the host country which locates a subsidiary, the home country that accommodates the prime head quarter of the operation and the rest of the countries that are utilised for obtaining finance and for profitability. (c) As we have already seen. Something that makes an internationalised firm distinct from a domestic firm is its multinational workforce. The employees of the workforce can be categorised as Host country nationals, the ones belonging to the nation where the subsidiary is located, Parent country nationals, the ones belonging to the country which accommodates the head quarters and Third country nationals, the employees from the rest of the countries (Morgan, 1986). . For example, lets take the strategy followed by one of the most powerful and successful multinational organisation named IBM (International Business Machine).When it has its operations based in Australia, for instance, which becomes its home country. It employs the Australians as its home country nationals and sends its American and for instance Indian employees who are the parent country nationals and other country nationals respectively on projects or similar works outside. Thus keeping a proper balance. Morgan (1986) states International HRM as the interactivity between three main activities namely the practices of the human resource, the type of the employees involved and the country in which the operations of the firm are undertaken. It is further noticed that the basic activities of the domestic and international HRM are all one the same. For instance, both involve activities such as HR planning and staffing (Morgan 1986), however, what differentiates both is the workforce . The domestic HRM involves employees only from the country its operations are based. Thus, the variation between domestic HRM and international HRM is seen only in the workforce employed (belonging to different nationalities), not in the human resource policies are practices undertaken, which sort of remains similar. Though we speak about the success stories of multinational organisations, there are still a lot of companies that have neglected the complexities involved in the internationalising the operations, which may be evident from the examples of a number of firms which have tasted failure as a result of poor human resource management. Not to be surprised, today the domestic HRM has started adopting the features of international HRM as it has started employing people from different nationalities even within a countrys boundary. Thus the gap between the domestic and international HRM has narrowed down because of the increased focus given by the domestic organisations on t he management of issues raised due to employee diversification, thus bringing them a step closer to the practice of the international HRM. Though diversities may arise in organisations within a single nation, it necessarily doesnt happen the same way in the case the firm moves global. The Scenarios might be similar, but not exact. 5.3 Strategic international human resource management SIHRM is stated as the policies and practices of the human resource management which are extracted from the strategic activities of an international firm which further determine and have an impact on the functions and objective of the organisation (Schuler et al., 1993). As there is a lot of consistency between the strategic activities of domestic and international HRM, a lot of factors have been discussed in literatures in the field of International management and business and international HRM (Dowling et al., 1999). These factors and their linkages have been discussed in the figure 3. Fig. 3. Factors in SIHRM (Schuler, 2000) Conclusions HRM, which was traditionally pertained only to activities related to recruiting people has now moved into a diverse field which is more significant and decides over the strategic activity of the firm. Not only the human resource managers, but also, the line managers have started getting themselves involved in HRM, making it an inseparable part of the organisation. As it has become a key success factor, everyone in the firm has started making a considerable contribution to its practices of managing diversity of people. As discussed earlier, the HRM has not only become intense in international grounds, but in domestic grounds as well. The discussed four different types of the HRM shows that the HRM activities and the management activities must go hand on hand to obtain the strategic objectivity of the firm.

Economic Issues Between the North and South Causing the...

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Effective Communication and Health Literacy for Orientation

Question: Discuss about theEffective Communication and Health Literacy for Orientation. Answer: Topic: The importance of effective communication and health literacy in a culturally safe healthcare environment Target audience: An orientation session for new staff in the workplace. Type of interaction with the audience: During the presentation, both verbal and non-verbal cues will be used. Specifically, tonal variation and body language will be used. In the course of the presentation, the audience will be allowed to ask questions and offer contributions where necessary. In addition, examples will be used to ensure the audience understands the concepts that will be presented. The audience will also be asked to answer certain questions to make the presentation more interactive. The presentation will use existing literature and health models to enhance the understanding of the concepts. The REDE model will be used to illustrate the elements of effective communication. Further, the cultural practice program for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander will be used to discuss the importance of effective communication in a culturally safe environment. Nutbeam model of health literacy will be illustrated in the presentation and importance of health literacy in the culturally safe environment will be discussed. Effective communication is the process of sharing thoughts, information and feeling among individuals through speech, writing or body language. The presentation highlights the main elements of effective communication. Effective communication assists vulnerable patients to understand and make appropriate decisions about their treatment and care (Bramhall, 2014). Nevertheless, effective communication requires pertinent interpersonal skills, self-awareness, and awareness of others. In the past, communication has been viewed as a tool for healthcare providers alone. Patients and healthcare providers should understand and develop effective communication skills to facilitate and enhance the quality of healthcare. Further, the presentation discusses the barriers to effective communication in healthcare settings. Based on this view, patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals should overcome the barriers to effective communication. For patients and carers, the barriers to effective co mmunication are the lack of privacy, being weak, difficulty explaining feelings and blockage of communication cues by healthcare providers (Neese, 2015). On the other hand, the blocks to effective communication for medical professionals are inadequate time, high workload, lack of support, emotion barriers and distress (Bramhall, 2014). The patients and nurses should always adhere to the principles of effective communication. Communication is perceived as a transaction as well as message creation. The process of communication should ensure patient satisfaction and protect the health professional (Frenkel Cohen, 2014). Both the nurse and patient should understand that communication is unidirectional meaning that any of these parties can initiate the communication process. The use of certain technical terms might block the communication process because the patient can misinterpret technical terms (Kourkouta Papathanasiou, 2014). The REDE model can be used to achieve effective communication in a healthcare setting. Primarily, the REDE model promotes relationship-centred communication to improve the quality of care. This model optimises personal connections is several stages of relationship including establishment, development, and engagement (Windover, Boissy, Rice, Gilligan, Velez, Merlino, 2014). The presentation discusses these elements of REDE model. Establishing a relationship This stage proposes the creation of an enabling and supportive environment where there are collaboration and trust. Healthcare professionals should focus on building an emotional bank with their patients and carers. Respect should be promoted in this phase because it is the first encounter. Healthcare professionals should set the design of care collaboratively even though it might be time-consuming. They should also introduce electronic health record to enhance patient care. Lastly, the provider should demonstrate empathy, which is the capacity to acknowledge and understand the situation of others (Windover, Boissy, Rice, Gilligan, Velez, Merlino, 2014). Developing the relationship After the initial step, the relationship continues evolving and growing. Healthcare professionals should attempt to know the patient and understand their critical signs in a biopsychosocial context. They should listen reflectively as the patient narrates their feelings and thoughts. In this case, the nurse should attempt to obtain the history of present illness (HPI). The importance of provider-patient communication has been extensively documented in the recent literature (Cheng, Bridges, Yiu, McGrath, 2015). Engaging the relationship The main elements of this stage are patient education and treatment. As the healthcare professional continues to offer treatment, they should also enhance the patients knowledge. Education aims to obtain consent, enhance patient self-efficacy, treatment adherence and self-care of chronic health conditions (Windover, Boissy, Rice, Gilligan, Velez, Merlino, 2014). The healthcare professional should share the diagnosis with the patient, involve the patient in designing a treatment plan, and dialogue throughout the process of delivering care. The presentation will further discuss the meaning of effective communication and its significance in healthcare. Effective communication in a culturally safe environment is very important. Recent studies have found that good communication improves patients emotional health as well as symptoms resolution (Leonard, 2017). In addition, effective communication enhances several physiological measures including like blood pressure and reduces reported pain. Effective communication increases the chances of developing a mutually positive and advantageous relationship between the healthcare provider and the patient. Additionally, effective communication increases the level of confidence and self-empowerment for the patient because they understand their diagnosis and treatment. In most instances, communication reduces the issues of misunderstanding and errors linked to diagnosis, treatment and medication administration. The cases of medication non-adherence can also be reduced through good com munication. Communication further improves the level of respect and reputation between the nurse and the patient (Cultural.org, 2012). Health literacy can be perceived as the capacity to access, comprehend, analyse and convey information as a way to enhance, sustain and promote health in various settings (Medibankhealth, 2018). The presentation discusses how health literacy is defined in Australia and its association with healthcare delivery. In Australia, health literacy is defined as the skills and knowledge needed to comprehend and apply information associated with health issues like disease prevention and management, drugs and alcohol, accident prevention, and first aid. Health literacy can also be viewed as the ability to understand and use health information to improve the delivery of healthcare and make suitable health decisions (Lambert, et al., 2014). Low level of health literacy often occurs in vulnerable communities and it is associated with socially disadvantaged populations. Poverty and low education attainment are important predictors of health literacy level. Traditionally, health literacy concentrate d on health care services and had a finite concentration on the capacity to address words and numbers in medical contexts. Over the last few years, the idea of health literacy has evolved significantly to include the aspects of reading and acting on written health information (Van den Broucke, 2014). Health literacy is an important determinant of public health and determines the outcomes of patients across different healthcare settings. Low health literacy is not only an issue of the minorities because it even exists in the majority populations. The presentation discusses the Nutbeam model of health literacy. The Nutbeams model of health literacy consists of three levels including functional literacy, interactive health literacy, and critical health literacy (Nutbeam, 2015). Functional literacy is the capacity to use common literacy skills to address issues associated with health such as reading medication labels. This kind of literacy is applied mainly in clinical settings where information is conveyed to patients. In case a patient has poor functional health literacy skills, they might be unable to read prescription and written materials. On the other hand, interactive literacy emphasizes the development of cognitive skills as well as the capacity to operate in social environments (Mitchell Begoray, 2014). Interactive literacy depends on a sturdy foundation of the first level, which is functional health literacy. At this level, patients develop the ability to analyze message effectively and interact with others in the env ironment. Critical literacy depends on the other level of health literacy including functional and interactive literacy. Individuals who are at this level of health literacy can facilitate community development. Besides, persons at this level of health literacy can analyse health problems, determine the challenges and benefits of each aspect. The presentation will highlight the benefits of health literacy. Health literacy is essential in a culturally safe environment due to various factors. Undeniably, low health literacy is linked to poor health knowledge, poor health status, high mortality, high rates of hospitalisation and high costs of care. Nutbeam model insinuates that health literacy can act as a strategy for empowerment. Based on the model, health literacy allows an individual to seek, access and analyse health information (Lowell, Schmitt, Ah Chin, Connors, 2014). Health literacy enhances the appropriate use of medication and subsequent outcomes. Patients with high health literacy can use medication appropriately, which improves the outcome of their symptoms (Fincham, 2013). Additionally, health literacy increases the involvement of patients in medical decision-making. High order competence is positively associated with greater involvement in making decisions about medications (Brabers, Rademakers, Groenewegen, van Dijk, de Jong, 2017). Health literacy is even important for patients diagnosed with chronic health conditions. Health literacy allows patents diagnosed with chronic health conditions to access information, and apply appropriate skills to manage their condition (Poureslami, Nimmon, Rootman, Fitzgerald, 2016). In a culturally safe environment, health literacy allows the nurses to apply promote health based on the culture. The healthcare providers can address the needs of consumers in culturally diverse populations. Furthermore, health literacy integrates with effective communication to ensure the needs of the health consumers are met effectively. Word count: Rationale 1500 Presentation 250 Total - 1750 References Brabers, A. E., Rademakers, J. J., Groenewegen, P. P., van Dijk, L., de Jong, J. D. (2017). What role does health literacy play in patients' involvement in medical decision-making? PloS one , 12 (3), e0173316. Bramhall, E. (2014). Effective communication skills in nursing practice. Nursing Standard , 29 (14), 53-59. Cheng, B. S., Bridges, S. M., Yiu, C., McGrath, C. (2015). A review of communication models and frameworks in a healthcare context. Dental update , 42 (2), 185-193. Cultural.org. (2012). Communicating effectively with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanderpeople. Retrieved 4 16, 2018, from https://www.cultura.org.au/sites/default/files/2017-02/Communicating%20effectively%20with%20Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20Islander%20people_1.pdf Fincham, J. E. (2013). The public health importance of improving health literacy. American journal of pharmaceutical education , 77 (3), 41. Frenkel, M., Cohen, L. (2014). Effective Communication About the Use of Complementary and Integrative Medicine in Cancer Care. J Altern Complement Med , 20 (1), 12-18. Kourkouta, L., Papathanasiou, I. V. (2014). Communication in nursing practice. Materia socio-medica , 26 (1), 65-67. Lambert, M., Luke, J., Downey, B., Crengle, S., Kelaher, M., Reid, S., et al. (2014). Health literacy: health professionals understandings and their perceptions of barriers that Indigenous patients encounter. BMC health services research , 14 (1), 614. Leonard, P. (2017). Exploring ways to manage healthcare professionalpatient communication issues. Support Care Cancer , 25 (Suppl 1), 7-9. Lowell, A., Schmitt, D., Ah Chin, W., Connors, C. (2014). Provider Health Literacy, cultural and communication competence: towards an integrated approach in the. Northern Territory. Medibankhealth. (2018). Health Literacy Implications of Australia. Retrieved 4 16, 2018, from https://www.medibankhealth.com.au/files/editor_upload/File/Medibank%20Health%20Literacy%20Implications%20for%20Australia%20Summary%20Report.pdf Mitchell, B., Begoray, D. L. (2014). Electronic Personal Health Records that Promote Self-management in Chronic Illness. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing , 15 (3). Neese, B. (2015). Effective Communication in Nursing: Theory and Best Practices. Retrieved 4 16, 2018, from https://online.seu.edu/effective-communication-in-nursing/ Nutbeam, D. (2015). Defining, measuring and improving health literacy. HEP , 42 (4), 450-456. Poureslami, I., Nimmon, L., Rootman, I., Fitzgerald, M. J. (2016). Health literacy and chronic disease management: drawing from expert knowledge to set an agenda. Health promotion international , 32 (4), 743-754. Van den Broucke, S. (2014). Health literacy: a critical concept for public health. Arch Public Health , 72 (1), 10. Windover, A. K., Boissy, A., Rice, T., Gilligan, T., Velez, V. J., Merlino, J. (2014). The REDE model of healthcare communication: optimizing relationship as a therapeutic agent. Journal of patient experience , 1 (1), 8-13.

Pembertons dilemma free essay sample

Me and our team worked on an exercise called Pemberton’s Dilemma. In preparation, I was initially confused with scenario of the Pembertons dilemma. I took the book of Negotiation: Readings, Exercises and cases and read in detail regarding the exercise. I waited for the professor to provide the team and the role whether our team were country market or corner store. I also Read the instruction given in the handout’s for the exercise were we note our profit’s or loses and which also had the objective of the exercise. Plan Used to maximize the Profit’s or minimize the loses. We got the role of corner store. The plan that our team used initially was strictly competitive to gain profits since we don’t have any idea about the counter party and later it became accommodating. After we went a negotiation conversations with the counter party in two negotiation breaks’ which were of 5 minutes each. We will write a custom essay sample on Pembertons dilemma or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a team we planned from the instructions to gain profit against the counter party in order to maximize our team’s profits at any cost, but maximizing the profit along with a long-term relationship in the future was tough. I believe the strategy our team used was collaborative. At the end of the negotiation exercise both our team and counter party have equal profit’s along with good relationship. How plan was started and conversation went on in the Team As a team our member had an initial strategy that was communicated well , alternatively I have another way of moves so that our team opens the store for fewer week’s which reduces work load in handling the store open for less time and gaining profit’s when compared to the counter party opening the store more time . I later Identified in my plan the profit’s that were going to be made were less when compared with the proposal of our team member. When discussing, our initial moves are opening the store for the first four week’s since to maximize our profits and also as we don’t have any Idea regarding the actions of Country store team. Initially for the first three week’s both our teams opened the stored since we don’t want to lose the profit’s . But as the case If both opens each store loses 20,000 $ and we made loses. Even in the fourth week we did the same thing because the profits are going to be doubled. But we incurred losses since both of the teams had same intention and we both opened the stores. So we thought to have a negotiation with the counter team so that loses were going to be minized. Negotiation happened in break-At our first negotiation the team agreed to stick to our competitive strategy and maximize our profit at any cost. The counterpart’s strategy was also so the same. The counterpart agreed upon our discussion in order to maintain mutual benefit’s . We used the negotiation as an open opportunity to go against what was agreed on. At I believe both parties changed their strategies and had a collaborative decision. Continuation of the role play The corner store team then did accept our plan and went in a collaborative situation. We both closed the stores for the next three weeks so that each gained mutual benefits. Now the time came where the profits are going to be tripled. This is the time that we are going to trust each other. They remained loyal and we remained in the same loyalty and both closed the stores, so that no penalty is going to be levied and our profits for the week are in positive direction when compared to the previous week. Negotiation happened in break-2 So the constraints If only one store opens, the other loses. If both open, both lose. However, if both stay closed, there won’t be any penalty, but will lose the potential profits for that day. This is core to the whole idea of the prisoner’s dilemma. Through cooperation and negotiation methods we cannot have a higher return possible through action of one opening and the other closing unless their won’t be any penalty. So we both the corner store and the country store mutual interests are maximizing the profit’s . so we focused on the mutual gains. Continuation of the role play After the second negotiation took place with counter party. We continued the strategy of closing the next three weeks . Now the ultimate time has come. Since they came to negotiation with us without acting individually we have to be trust worthy. We didn’t play any dirty tricks and kept the same hope from them by our conversation with them in the negotiation breaks and even in the role play . On the top the alternate opening or closing of stores and our relationship continuous only we both have trust in each other even after the twelfth week. Even at the final point the counterpart stayed closed along with us. Our only possible threat was what if they went against us mutual benefits. But it didn’t happen. Observing the gestures Following our competitive plan, we didnt express any type of attitude , we had relaxed actions and made no facial expressions. Even the counter party has the same behavior. Their behaviors made us believe that the counterpart was following us for mutual benefits. Personal Evaluation When we are working in a team relating to any aspect we first must have a communication with other members of the team so that we can have small ideas regarding their ideas or behaviors . So I introduce myself to other and listened about the others. Initially as I thought a plan of implementing the role-play, the other team member has another idea. As in my plan our store work’s less than other store and gains same profits. But the plan of my other team member is different. so I separated my position with my interest and agreed upon his opinion. Learning from the exercise I believe the team was able to utilize the Negotiation methods: separating positions from problems and inventing options for mutual, examining the situation and assessing the relationship further. If both teams utilized an interest based negotiation, we might have been able to form a collaborative and comprehensive solution to any negotiation. What I would do different in a similar future situation in my personal or professional life is try and understand thoroughly the problem at hand and be able to recognize the main interests and invent the options for mutual gains along with a Banta (Best alternative to a negotiation agreement) , unless the other party don’t play any dirty tricks.

Development Of Sri Lanka Tourism Tourism Essay Essay Example

Development Of Sri Lanka Tourism Tourism Essay Paper 1. Sri Lanka is an island state and God has given to Sri Lanka approvals of nature blue seas, green hills, flaxen beaches, abundant wildlife, cascading waterfalls, a public violence of flowers and fruits, coconut Grovess, tea estates, spice gardens. Here 1s twenty-four hours can be gloriously lazy by a palm cool laguna or full of joy, swimming, snorkel diving, and fishing or sailing like a superb gem in the sparkling Waterss of the Indian Ocean. Sri Lanka is located in a strategically considered naval topographic point on the universe map. This important state of affairs creates a way for a major sea path. In add-on it creates a strategic naval nexus between West Asia, Africa and East Asia. Sri Lanka entered the international touristry sphere in the sixtiess. Since so, authorities engagement has been the cardinal factor in touristry development in Sri Lanka. The Ceylon Tourist Board ( CTB ) was established in 1966 in order to supply way and leading to this assuring sector of the deve loping economic system. The state is celebrated for healthy and cultural heritage. Hospitality, tropical woods, natural and absorbing beaches, archaeological sites and the tropical clime are the more attractive characteristics. These factors make Sri Lanka a fantastic tourer finish. Over the old ages touristry in Sri Lanka has developed significantly. Today touristry has become the 6th Foreign Exchange Earner ( FEE ) in Sri Lankan economic system. We will write a custom essay sample on Development Of Sri Lanka Tourism Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Development Of Sri Lanka Tourism Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Development Of Sri Lanka Tourism Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2. Tourism can do a great impact on development of the Sri Lankan economic system. Tourism is a fast growth industry which has been identified soon. Employment chances and regional development are playing important function with respect to the touristry industry development. It can be considered as the most of import industry in the state as a whole. The authorities s vision is to do the touristry sector as Sri Lanka s most advanced and profitable income bring forthing beginning. 3. During past three decennaries Sri Lanka s touristry industry had few draw dorsums. This was chiefly due to the security state of affairs which prevailed in the state. Further the touristry industry was besides affected due to the Tsunami calamity which occurred in 2004. Approximately 2/3rd of the coastal country including tourer substructure installations was destroyed. The immediate station war period gave rise to a dramatic addition of tourer reaching from terminal May 2009. 4. In order to back up the attempts and to develop the touristry sector in Sri Lanka there should be hotels with sole installations which are in par with the international criterions to suit a big figure of visitants. In the twelvemonth 2010 about one million tourers visited Sri Lanka. Unlike in the yesteryear, the influx of tourers is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours as a consequence of the terminal of the 30 twelvemonth civil war which destroys the whole state. Following graph indicates how touristry increased from 1966 to 2011 in Sri Lanka. The authorities is expected to have 2.5 million tourers in 2016. To provide for this addition tourer hotels in Sri Lanka must be developed. Similarly other installations should besides be increased to run into the coveted economic ends. Purpose 5. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the development of Sri Lanka touristry -challenges and chances GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF SRI LANKA 6. Sir Lanka has a assorted terrain but it chiefly consists of level lands but south-central part of the state s measure sided river, canons interior characteristics and mountain. The flatter parts are the countries where most of Sri Lanka s agribusiness takes topographic point, aside from coconut farms along the seashore. Sri LankasA clime A is tropical and the southwesterly portion of the island is the wettest. . The northeasterly portion of Sri Lanka is drier and most of its rain falls from December to February. Most of the rain in the sou-west falls from April to June and October to November Sri Lanka s mean annual temperature is about 86AÂ °F to 91AÂ °F. An of import geographic note about Sri Lanka is its place in the Indian Ocean, which made it vulnerable to one of theA universe s largest natural catastrophes. On December, 26, 2004, it was struck by largeA tsunamiA that hit 12 Asiatic states. Around 38,000 people in Sri Lanka were killed during this incident and much of Sri L anka s seashore was destroyed. 7. Sri Lanka is situated in strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes. It has a entire country of 65,610A kmA? , with 64,740A kmA? of land and 870A kmA? of H2O. Its coastline is 1,340A kilometer long. Sri Lanka s clime includes tropical monsoons: the southwest monsoon ( June to October ) and the nor-east monsoon ( December to March ) , its terrain is largely low, level to rippling field, with mountains in the south-central inside. The highest point isA PidurutalagalaA at 2,524.13 m.A Resource includeA limestone, A mineral littorals, A treasures, black lead, A phosphates, clay, andA hydropower. 8. Adam s Bridge, a land connexion to the Indian mainland, is now largely submerged with merely a concatenation ofA limestoneA shoals staying above sea degree. Harmonizing to temple records, this naturalA causewayA was antecedently complete, but was breached by a violent storm ( likely aA cyclone ) in 1480. SRI LANKA S COMMITMENT TO TOURISM 9. Tourism is a critical country in the policy construction has been identified as capable of expeditiously driving the state s socio economic development. The programme s vision for the touristry sector is to do Sri Lanka foremost freedom finish in the South Asiatic Region. The programme believes the human resources and natural and cultural gifts values and state will be indispensable in transforming Sri Lanka into a Centre of excellence and offer tourists the highest values of existent experiences in its alone scene. 10 The One Stop Unit Unit of measurement for National Investment in Tourism is a Centralized publicity and facilitation centre Established Thurs assist possible touristry investors interested in puting in Sri Lanka Tourism Industry. Specialist staff from assorted authorities bureaus helps investors Identify possible undertakings, Obtain information possible, Sing Investings, submit applications, and Provide support in obtaining investing publicity privileges, trade licences and other blessings Requested for undertaking clearance. OSU Prevents the demand for investors Thurs spend clip in hunt of replies and ensures all questions are handled by its specialist staff. 11. Serious civil perturbations get downing in July 1983 and the subsequent force severely affected touristry. Entire reachings were 230,106 in 1986, down 43 per centum from 1982. To ease the quandary of the industry, the authorities provided assorted grants to hotels, such as the rescheduling of loans and the decrease of the turnover revenue enhancement from 10 per centum to 5 per centum. The Ceylon Tourist Board besides undertook a crash publicity plan in an effort to reconstruct the island s image in universe tourer markets. Tourist reachings in the first six months of 1987, nevertheless, showed a diminution of 23 per centum compared with the same period the old twelvemonth. In early 1988, the mentality was for farther contraction. 12. In 1988 it remained ill-defined whether the policies of economic liberalisation Sri Lanka has pursued since 1977 would win in their chief ends of employment, wealth creative activity, and economic variegation. Although increased rice production, the growing of fabric fabrication, and an improved substructure were successes that could be attributed to the post-1977 policies, these additions came at the cost of a mounting foreign and domestic debt and worsening life criterions for the hapless. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT TOWARDS TOURISM 13. The One Stop Unit Unit of measurement for National Investment in Tourism is a Centralized publicity and facilitation centre Established Thurs assist possible touristry investors interested in puting in Sri Lanka Tourism Industry. Specialist staff from assorted authorities bureaus helps investors Identify possible undertakings, Obtain information possible, Sing Investings, submit applications, and Provide support in obtaining investing publicity privileges, trade licences and other blessings Requested for undertaking clearance. OSU Prevents the demand for investors Thurs spend clip in hunt of replies and ensures all questions are handled by its specialist staff. 14. Serious civil perturbations get downing in July 1983 and the subsequent force severely affected touristry. Entire reachings were 230,106 in 1986, down 43 per centum from 1982. To ease the quandary of the industry, the authorities provided assorted grants to hotels, such as the rescheduling of loans and the decrease of the turnover revenue enhancement from 10 per centum to 5 per centum. The Ceylon Tourist Board besides undertook a crash publicity plan in an effort to reconstruct the island s image in universe tourer markets. Tourist reachings in the first six months of 1987, nevertheless, showed a diminution of 23 per centum compared with the same period the old twelvemonth. In early 1988, the mentality was for farther contraction. 15. In 1988 it remained ill-defined whether the policies of economic liberalisation Sri Lanka has pursued since 1977 would win in their chief ends of employment, wealth creative activity, and economic variegation. Although increased rice production, the growing of fabric fabrication, and an improved substructure were successes that could be attributed to the post-1977 policies, these additions came at the cost of a mounting foreign and domestic debt and worsening life criterions for the hapless. PROMOTION OF TOURISM INVESTMENT 16. The Board of Investment has introduced inducements in the signifier of revenue enhancement freedoms, duty-free imports and the relaxation of controls on foreign exchange retentions. The inducements provided by the authorities have chiefly attracted investing in the hotel sector. The present hotel capacity is 13,670 suites. That figure is projected to increase to 21,000 suites by 2004, which will suit the mark of 1 million tourers. Five regional domestic airdromes to be restructured at a entire cost of approx. Rs. 2bn: Rathmalana, Koggala, Ampara, Trincomalee A ; Jaffna ( Rathmalana will be developed as a City Airport ) Previous twelvemonth. This denotes that touristry industry is one of the nucleus beginnings of foreign exchange earner in economic system of Sri Lanka. Due to the development of touristry improved handiness via new main roads and transition of military to domestic airdromes may do high-end hotels in the Deep South and the East of Sri Lanka feasible options to th e Galle country. OPPORTUNITIES FOR TOURISM INDUSTRY 17. Tourism straight affected to economic system of a state. The impulse of growing in touristry, as consequence of the station struggle peaceful environment, the tourer reachings grew to 654,476 in 2010 exceling the old record of 566,202 in 2004. Tourist nights one of an of import index in mensurating the volume of tourer traffic, has recorded 6, 544, 760 in 2010. It shows 60.6 per cent addition compared to 2009. Entire grosss in 2010 amounted to US $ 575.9 million as against US $ 349.3 million recorded for the twelvemonth 2009. It indicates a huge addition of 64.9 per cent than Menace FOR TOURISM INDUSTRY 18. Development of tourer hotels in Sri Lanka will highly back up the rapid economic development. Developments of tourer hotels, addition room capacities, addition tenancy rates and develop the status of suites and upgrade the service provided in the hotels are the cardinal factors to be chiefly focused on if to develop touristry. It so contributes to the development of touristry and in bend development of economic system of the state. Tourist hotel industry should be developed in most of the celebrated metropolis for touristry with sufficient sum of tourer hotels 19. As political hazard introduces extra elements of uncertainness into the regulations regulating touristry investing undertakings, the hazard of capital loss is raised for longer- term undertakings. Political hazard besides negatively influences the timing and pricing of the touristry production procedure. Negative images, deficiency of foreign exchange for touristry development, deficiency of skilled work force, weak institutional models for touristry planning, political instability caused by communal force, civil war struggles are inhibitors to tourism development. However, small is known about how international touristry houses perceive political hazards and other general barriers and menaces to tourism publicity in Sri Lanka. 20. Common political factors which affect the touristry industry are revolution, civil war, factional struggle, cultural force, spiritual convulsion, widespread public violences, terrorist act, countrywide work stoppages, protests, cross- national guerilla warfare, universe public sentiment, repatriation limitations, bureaucratic political relations, leading battle, high rising prices, boundary line struggles, high external debt service ratio and crawling nationalisation. Last 30 old ages Sri Lanka besides faced the civil war and it affected the touristry industry of Sri Lanka. Forming elections often besides create menace to the touristry industry because during the election period in some topographic points to command the state of affairs mongrel hews are implemented. 21. This will make negative image in the head of tourers. Some of the foreign states have reject Sri Lanka s merchandises in their state due to the misdemeanor of human rights during the war clip. For illustration authorities invested and spent on IIFA programme but it was non a successful event for Sri Lanka because the large stars have boycotted the event. They did nt see Sri Lanka because of the protests held in their state by inquiring them non to see the topographic point. Presently Sri Lanka is holding negative relationship with some foreign states therefore the export and import of Sri Lankan merchandises will be decreased and it affects the touristry industry every bit good. FUTURE TRENDS, CHALLENGES 22. Beginning markets in Asia and Middle East to drive demand: Sri Lanka s propinquity to beginning markets such as India and its connectivity to the Middle East and China will assist in prolonging touristry growing. The rise in per capita income and hence consumer disbursement in these beginning markets will help the growing in touristry. 23. Infrastructure growing to fuel touristry growing: To guarantee rapid growing of touristry in the hereafter, touristry undertakings will necessitate to be balance with substructure development. We expect that with betterments in route substructure and development of the new airdrome in Hambantota, assorted new finishs will emerge in the state, particularly to the North and the E, as these countries have abundant natural beauty to pull tourers but presently suffer from hapless connectivity. We expect more air hoses to run in the state as the 2nd airdrome develops. 24. Greater competition will ease growing: We besides expect greater competition with the debut of new hotels in popular finishs such as Colombo, Kandy, Bentota, and Sigiriya, and Galle. We expect the bing hotels to set about phased redevelopments to efficaciously vie with the approaching hotels. Besides, with the addition in income from hotels over the past few old ages, we expect an addition in the figure of cordial reception related minutess and amalgamations and acquisitions. 25. Challenge of abrasion to other finishs: Presently, the hotel industry informant s important employee abrasion to states in the Middle East and to the Maldives and India. However, with a more stable political environment and betterment in quality of life in Sri Lanka, we expect the abrasion to bit by bit 26. Deficit of skilled labour: As new participants enter the market, the jutting growing in touristry will be accompanied by deficit of skilled labor. We anticipate the demand for relive cordial reception instruction establishments as the part of the touristry sector to the overall economic system additions. Summary 27. Sri Lanka is located in a strategically considered naval topographic point on the universe map. Sri Lanka entered the international touristry sphere in the sixtiess. Since so, authorities engagement has been the cardinal factor in touristry development in Sri Lanka. Over the old ages touristry in Sri Lanka has developed significantly. Today touristry has become the 6th Foreign Exchange Earner ( FEE ) in Sri Lankan economy.Tourism can do a great impact on development of the Sri Lankan economic system. Employment chances and regional development are playing important function with respect to the touristry industry development. The authorities s vision is to do the touristry sector as Sri Lanka s most advanced and profitable income bring forthing beginning. 28. During past three decennaries Sri Lanka s touristry industry had few draw dorsums. In the twelvemonth 2010 about one million tourers visited Sri Lanka. Following graph indicates how touristry increased from 1966 to 2011 in Sri Lanka. To provide for this addition tourer hotels in Sri Lanka must be developed. Sri LankasA climateA is tropical and the southwesterly portion of the island is the wettest. . Around 38,000 people in Sri Lanka were killed during this incident and much of Sri Lanka s seashore was destroyed. 29. Entire reachings were 230,106 in 1986, down 43 per centum from 1982. The Ceylon Tourist Board besides undertook a crash publicity plan in an effort to reconstruct the island s image in universe tourer markets. This denotes that touristry industry is one of the nucleus beginnings of foreign exchange earner in economic system of Sri Lanka. Tourism straight affected to economic system of a state. Development of tourer hotels in Sri Lanka will highly back up the rapid economic development. Developments of tourer hotels, addition room capacities, addition tenancy rates and develop the status of suites and upgrade the service provided in the hotels are the cardinal factors to be chiefly focused on if to develop touristry. Tourist hotel industry should be developed in most of the celebrated metropolis for touristry with sufficient sum of tourer hotels 30. Negative images, deficiency of foreign exchange for touristry development, deficiency of skilled work force, weak institutional models for touristry planning, political instability caused by communal force, civil war struggles are inhibitors to tourism development. However, small is known about how international touristry houses perceive political hazards and other general barriers and menaces to tourism publicity in Sri Lanka. 31. Last 30 old ages Sri Lanka besides faced the civil war and it affected the touristry industry of state. Some of the foreign states have reject Sri Lanka s merchandises in their state due to the misdemeanor of human rights during the war clip. Presently Sri Lanka is holding negative relationship with some foreign states therefore the export and import of Sri Lankan merchandises will be decreased and it affects the touristry industry every bit good. 32. Sri Lanka s propinquity to beginning markets such as India and its connectivity to the Middle East and China will assist in prolonging touristry growing. To guarantee rapid growing of touristry in the hereafter, touristry undertakings will necessitate to be balance with substructure development. We expect the bing hotels to set about phased redevelopments to efficaciously vie with the approaching hotels. We besides expect the hotel companies, particularly the domestic companies located in the state to set about long and average term cordial reception preparation plans and on a regular basis undertake competition benchmarking for compensation to retain the endowment. RECCOMONDATIONS 33. These are the recommendations which we can bring forth in related to touristry. Develop a selling scheme: Stressing the creative activity and sustaining of a positive image of Sri Lanka as a substantial and well-established tourer finish offering installations experiences that are distinguishable Sri Lankan merchandises. Establish a domestic touristry scheme: To spread out the bing merchandise base and promote a greater degree of vacation motions in add-on to pilgrim motions. Develop goods and services: To run into the increasing demands of the touristry industry, and therefore optimise the economic benefit of touristry development to Sri Lanka. Modify the organisation of touristry activities: In order to convey approximately related betterments in the private sector, increase coordination between touristry and interconnected sectors, and present streamlining to ease the development of the touristry sector. Stress the environmental, societal and cultural facets: Tourism Development Planning is the lone manner to work out many issues related to touristry in development. Therefore the touristry be aftering procedure should be designed to bring forth ends and aims for the finish country related to touristry development. The touristry development program provides overall guidelines for development and identifies development chances. Many development states are involved in touristry planning. Fiscal Aid: Fiscal aid for hotel proprietors and any other profession in tourer sector would assist to make more employment chances. Domestic Airport: Airport besides more than 100 kilometers off from the tourer finish it is needed have domestic airdromes. Surfboarding Training: This will make more employment chances and bring forth good income. Among the tourers there are some people they love for surfing and lament to larn. Conduct Language Teaching: Language barrier should be overcome by carry oning specially occupation orientated linguistic communication preparation. Employ Combat Divers: Surfing is hazardous and adventure athletics it do nt take much clip for some to go on hence as precautional step it is needed some combat frogmans near to the surfing country it would heighten the assurance of people who do surfing. Proper Taxi Service: Taxi service should be reformed presenting good vehicles fixed with metre system and giving preparation for drivers. Improve Infrastructure Facilities: Infrastructure installations such as Power, Highways, Railways, Airports, Ports, Water Supply, Telecommunications, Accommodations, and Recreational, Shopping and Banking to be improved. Awareness Plans: Tourists should be informed on specific societal, cultural and spiritual environment programmed. GAD ALWIS SLE Maj STUDENT OFFICER -DSCSC

Free Essays on Angela’s Ashes

Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt is a memoir of the childhood of the author himself, brought up in the 1930’s depression in poverty-stricken New York and Limerick. Right from the beginning of the novel one sees the way in which the McCourt family are faced with a lack of money due to Frank’s alcoholic father. He drinks all his earnings in the pubs and loses any job he gets, which continues throughout the novel; because of this the family are tormented by extreme poverty and desperation. The two main factors of alcoholism and poverty mean the family must deal with the deaths of three of Frank’s siblings. Despite all this suffering, the courageous family survives and with Frank achieving his goal to return to America this truly harrowing story is a display of courage: facing fears, terrible conditions and embarrassments, and survival: moving on and living through the hardships and suffering, against the apparently overwhelming odds. The problems start in America, New York when Frank’s Alcoholic Father Malachy starts a trend of buying only alcohol with his wages and coming home drunk†¦ â€Å"He does not bring home the wages†¦ It’s late and Dad rolls up the stairs singing Roddy McCorley.†(24-5) The alcoholic Malachy drinks the family’s money and he continues to do this throughout the novel causing the biggest hurdle the family must face. In the beginning of the novel Angela, Frank’s mother, tries to catch her husband after work when he gets his wages: â€Å"They’re out. Don’t know how he got past you†¦Mam tries all the bars around the station before she gives up. She leans against a wall and cries.†(26-7) With no success Angela is reduced to ask the grocer for some food and to pay him later. The family must continue borrowing and begging as Malachy continues to drink: â€Å"The small crowd of people outside the door of the priest’s house†¦ Mam†¦Waiting to beg for any food left over from the priest’s dinner.†(25... Free Essays on Angela’s Ashes Free Essays on Angela’s Ashes Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt is a memoir of the childhood of the author himself, brought up in the 1930’s depression in poverty-stricken New York and Limerick. Right from the beginning of the novel one sees the way in which the McCourt family are faced with a lack of money due to Frank’s alcoholic father. He drinks all his earnings in the pubs and loses any job he gets, which continues throughout the novel; because of this the family are tormented by extreme poverty and desperation. The two main factors of alcoholism and poverty mean the family must deal with the deaths of three of Frank’s siblings. Despite all this suffering, the courageous family survives and with Frank achieving his goal to return to America this truly harrowing story is a display of courage: facing fears, terrible conditions and embarrassments, and survival: moving on and living through the hardships and suffering, against the apparently overwhelming odds. The problems start in America, New York when Frank’s Alcoholic Father Malachy starts a trend of buying only alcohol with his wages and coming home drunk†¦ â€Å"He does not bring home the wages†¦ It’s late and Dad rolls up the stairs singing Roddy McCorley.†(24-5) The alcoholic Malachy drinks the family’s money and he continues to do this throughout the novel causing the biggest hurdle the family must face. In the beginning of the novel Angela, Frank’s mother, tries to catch her husband after work when he gets his wages: â€Å"They’re out. Don’t know how he got past you†¦Mam tries all the bars around the station before she gives up. She leans against a wall and cries.†(26-7) With no success Angela is reduced to ask the grocer for some food and to pay him later. The family must continue borrowing and begging as Malachy continues to drink: â€Å"The small crowd of people outside the door of the priest’s house†¦ Mam†¦Waiting to beg for any food left over from the priest’s dinner.†(25...

Political Functions of London and Cairo in 1600 and 1800 Research Paper

Political Functions of London and Cairo in 1600 and 1800 - Research Paper Example 1During the 17th century, geographical growth was notable in Cairo under the control of Ottomans who were striving to expand the city’s borders from Citadel. Modernization of the city was noted in the 19th century upon entry of the Britons into the region. On the other hand, England’s capital city London was established over 2000 years ago. 2Over this time, London has been acclaimed for its important cultural and financial capitals despite the devastating fires, plague, terrorist attacks, aerial bombardments, and civil wars. Expansion of the city was realized in the 17th century (Hindley 57). Records have shown that Cairo has played an important role in the history of the world. Its influence led its recognition as the â€Å"mother of the world† among the Arab world. During the period 1600 to 1800, Cairo’s political influence was manifested in the Islamic period under the Ottoman dynasty. The Ottoman dynasty had a vast political influence on Cairo city bot h in the urban and rural settings. 3Cultural settings of most communities were sustained such as Jewish and Christian among the Armenians and Balkans. Several centers emerged from the aristocratic families’ homes and coffeehouses. ... As a result, land holdings were re-evaluated whereby large portions were subdivided into smaller pieces that were distributed to tenant farmers. Cairo’s rulers reserved some large portions of lands for scientific purposes such as research. Therefore, Cairo served as pivotal administrative point for all regulations related to rural areas. Similarly, Cairo’s political influence was noted in its attempt to promote economic, educational, and security development (Shaw 168). On the other hand, political system’s influence in London in the 19th century was exemplified by the exponential growth because of establishment of Industrial Revolution and British Empire. Consequently, London city expanded and became to be regarded as the Greater London and into a giant metropolis (Hindley 127). At the end of this century, London had experienced tremendous advancements in technology. 5Administrative influence of London city saw the construction of London Bridge in 1800. Under th e leadership of King James I, the puritans were denied their grants to several reforms. Political influence led to abolition of Bishops in London. However due to conflicts, the puritans managed to defeat King James I upon formation of a strong bond within the parliamentary party (Masters et al 183). The first form of an organized government in London was formed in 1888 through the local government. The basis of administration was in regard to the counties. Moreover, the 1894 local act initiated localized administration in London since it aimed at dividing the city into urban and rural districts. Therefore, localized system of governance was the first advancement that political influence enacted (Hindley p.146). Due to these legislations, civil parishes were established in London city. An

Recession and Cosmetics Demand Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recession and Cosmetics Demand - Research Paper Example Therefore a decline in their real income makes goods and services relatively expensive. In economics demand is influenced by a number of factors and this include price, price of substitutes and income. For a normal good as the price of this good increases then the demand for this product declines, assuming that all the goods in an economy are normal goods and that cosmetics are substitutes to highly luxurious goods then it is evident that a decline in the income of consumers will result into a relative increase in the price of the luxurious goods which will be substituted with less expensive cosmetics. This is referred to as the substitution effect, the following diagram shows the effect of an increase in price on the demand. Consumers want to maximize their utility, in order to maximize utility consumers want to increase the total units of goods consumed, however the total units of goods and services purchased is determined by the budget line and the indifference curve, for this reason therefore the decline in income results into a decline in the real income and therefore consumers will only purchase a few units of goods, in order to maximize utility the consumer will opt to purchase... The article states that the employment level and investment in the cosmetics industry increases in a recession, this can be explained by the multiplier effect, as the level of demand increases as discussed above investors anticipate higher demand and as a result they invest more, more investment mean that the level of employment in this industry will increase. Therefore investment is influenced by the high demand in this industry. This scenario can also be explained by the inferior good concept, the demand for inferior goods decline as the income of consumers increases, at a certain level of income consumers no longer demand the inferior goods and therefore it is true to state that as the income level declines the inferior good demand increases, the following diagram shows the changes in the demand curve as income increase for an inferior good: From the above diagram it is evident that as the level of income increases the demand increases however at a certain level of income an increase in income will result inot a decline in demand. For this reason therefore cosmetics especially lipstick can be considered as an inferior good whereby during economic hardships and the level of income is declining the demand for this good increases, it is also true that when income increases the demand for this good declines. Conclusion: From the above discussion it is evident that the article states that the cosmetic industry does not change as expected, in the first case we associate cosmetics with the theory of inferior goods whose demand declines as income increases and therefore demand may increase as the level of income declines in a recession. Consumers also experience an increase in relative prices as their real income declines, this means that as consumer

Hackers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hackers - Research Paper Example This research paper discusses the philosophy of justification of the end through its means. It highlights some of the laws that provide for the hacking process and explains their provisions on this process. The paper identifies the ethical aspect of hacking, whether the society considers it an ethical procedure or not. It also discusses the various perceptions people develop from various situations and how they handle them. It also explains how the society perceives hackers. It identifies the motivations hackers have when breaking into a computer system and relates their behavior to that of thieves in the society. It also describes the various defenses hackers use in order to justify their acts, such as claiming that information ought to be free. Finally, it discusses the negative impact of students hacking institutional systems in the name of acquiring cost-effective education. The hacking process in the society is a dangerous activity that the government should get rid of. This is because there are malicious hackers who break into an organization’s system in order to cause damage (Paul, p26). The crackers access, retrieve and interfere with a company’s data without any consent. The U.S has laws that forbid hacking, for example, the 18 U.S.C 1029, which prohibits any unauthorized access of secured systems. It however justifies the people who have the right cause of hacking, those whose intent is not of committing fraud. The 18 U.S.C 1030 prohibits any unauthorized access to the government systems. This law justifies authorized access but does not provide for people who have a moral intent (Legal Information Institute). There are however situations that may lead one to access systems without authorization in order to acquire essential data without committing fraud, for example in the literature work, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (Larsson), Lisbeth broke some laws in order to retrieve information that would bring justice, which gave her credit f or the unlawful act. The society however has ethics that differentiate the right from the wrong. If the government made a law that justified the means through its end, there would be increased criminal levels in the society. Instances of theft would increase, as people would claim that they were carrying out the unlawful activity in order to feed his or her hungry family. The society, in all situations, should therefore justify the end through the means (Paul, p27). Although people have different perceptions of a situation, they tend to justify various acts that may have used the same means differently (Levy, p36). For example, if the government chose to eliminate theft by beheading thieves in public, the society would consider this as an immoral act. Even if the act would lower the theft cases, it would emphasis on the rights to life for any person irrespective of the acts. In this case, the means would justify the end. For the computer hackers, the society disregards the method th rough which they acquired information. The citizens regard them as intelligent people who safeguard the interest of the society. This is irrespective the law that provides for security in the computer systems of a company. This makes one law more important than the other and therefore, the society should formulate a uniform procedure of judging situations (Paul, p28). The society holds that the hackers develop the right judgment towards various issues in the society hence the geniuses can never base their perceptions and thoughts on the wrong facts and imagination (Levy, p38). However, not all perceptions that the hackers hold is always true. They may develop wrong judgment, which may lead to injustice in the world. In the movie Minority Report, the hackers access information that aids an agency in preventing the occurrence of a crime (Spielberg). If the society embraces this concept, the State would sentence many innocent people to prison. This is because the jury would pass judgme nt based on the thoughts the

JB Hi-FI Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Report

JB Hi-FI Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Report Ming Chak Ip Report: Part A For JB Hi-FI there are 4 types of corporate social responsibility to report. The environmental section must be included and it provides information on actions the company is taking to meet carbon footprint requirements. Second are Philanthropic responsibilities stating how the company supports charities through funding. Third is ethical involves workplace safety or the employee health and mainly involves the welfare of employees at the workplace. Lastly are the ethical responsibilities. They are responsibilities of the company to do what is right and without any obligation. Part B On the CSR initiatives employed by JB HI-FI is the Helping Hands program. It is a philanthropic initiative whereby directors, executives and employees offer donations towards the financial gain of community partners and has already raised $10 million for their charity partners (page 15). JB HI-FI also has donation boxes in their stores where customers donate at the point of sale. JB Hi-FI is also a member of Employer Leadership Group (ELG) that creates awareness of workplace giving to support the charitable sector (page 15). JB HI-FI has also disclosed its environmental sustainability statement. Some initiatives include the carbon disclosure project that monitors and reports annual energy consumption/emissions. There is also the Smarter Choice Program for advice on energy efficiency of commodities. JB HI-FI is a signatory to the Australian Energy Packaging Covenant hence commits to reduced effects of packaging on the environment. Others include the mobile phone recycling and re-uses that helps lower entry of mobile phones into landfill, the Cartridge 4 Planet Ark for re-cycling used printer cartridges and recycling of paper, cardboards and old appliances (page 14). Third in CSR are ethical responsibilities. JB HI-FI code of conduct specifies respect accorded to employees, there rights and freedoms, professional ethics and adherence to laws and regulations (page, 10). In the ethics statement, they state responsibility to respect suppliers, employees and customer and protect their personal sensitive information. The firm is committed to a safe working environment to its employees and there is also a diversity statement whereby JB HI-FI fully values diversity of skills, gender, experience and background of its employees (page 9). Part C Various theories support CSR. There are instrumental theories. JB HI-FI tries to maximize shareholder value and thats the reason the company uses the Helping Hands program where employees try to meet social demands. It also involves strategies for competitive advantages. For example, recycling is cost saving to the firm in addition to protecting the environment hence creates competitive advantages. Instrumental theories also involve cause-related marketing. For instance, JB Hi-FI has partnered with charitable firms where it makes donations and in turn builds its brand. The second CRS theories are political theories. JB HI-FI has made major interactions with the society hence had gained corporate citizenship through partnerships. The social contact with environmental bodies and charitable firms mandates the firm to give back to the community as demonstrated by its philanthropic initiatives. Last theory is Integrative theories. The community has social demands that offer the firm some legitimacy (Garriga, Melà ©, 2004). Since greenhouse gas emissions are a social demand, JB HI-FI has to meet such social demands to attain greater social acceptance. It validates the environmental sustainability initiatives implemented by the company. References List www.jbhifi.com.au. (2016). Annual Report JB Hi-Fi. [online] Available at: https://www.jbhifi.com.au/Documents/2016%20JB%20Hi-Fi%20Annual%20Report_ASX.pdf [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017]. Garriga, E., Melà ©, D. (2004). Corporate social responsibility theories: Mapping the territory. Journal of business ethics, 53(1), 51-71.

Russell Scott Sanders: a Feminist Past

A feminist is a theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. Russell Scott Sanders, â€Å"The Men We Carry in Our Minds,† discusses his personal observation of the conflict of gender equality that grew in his mind after seeing the harsh lives of his surrounding class of people. It deals with the problems that exist between sex and social class issues. He reveals that the men in this class had no choice over their own destiny in life. Their only ways of making money to barely survive were as factory workers or soldiers. He had envied women for what he thought they had a pleasant lifestyle, spent time in the home looking after the children, compared to the difficult lives of the men having to work at the factories and go to war in the foreign land. This essay demonstrates troubles that lie between rich and poor, males and females. Sander's was born into a poor, low-class family that had only known hard labor. During his childhood he witnessed many men go to the same job day in and day out to do back breaking labor so as to support their families. From his yard he had a view of the prison and watched black prisoner's slave away against the land. Watching them were guards dressed in white that didn't raise an arm or bend their backs to do their job. Sanders claimed that, â€Å"As a boy, [he] also knewof another sort of [man], who did not sweat and break down like mules† (Sanders). He saw soldiers, who didn't work in the factories or the fields, as far as he could tell they didn't work at all. He watched these soldiers from his house on a military base in Ohio. He knew the life of the soldier conceived of little excitement except for in the time of war. Either way, he knew that he neither wanted to inherit his father's life, though after time he prospered, or join the military. As a youngster, he also saw the difference in men and women in the workplace. His ideas of women were ladies who sat around the house reading, tidying up and running errands. To him this was a life of a luxury. In his childhood, he imagined his own destiny as eventually becoming one of these two cruel identities. Due to his early opinions of gender roles in his class, he was â€Å"slow to understand the deep grievances of women† (Sander). In his lifestyle the options of each gender were bleak. He idolized them, though they suffered as men suffered when money was tight, it wasn't their fault or responsibility. As Sanders say's, ‘†¦they were not the ones who failed† (Sanders). In the past, slaves of either sex or women of any race held property in their own labor. The labor of slaves, male and female, belonged to their owners. Free women of every race were conceived as wives and mothers; their labor belonged to husbands and families (as Sanders views). Both engaged in life as well as wage labor without acquiring what more privileged men understood as â€Å"rights to work. This issue of unfairness against women comes far beyond the class differences into our individual life, developed from our past, and in effect turning into an important part of the modern life. For example, free labor was built on a concept of independence in which skill at craft work was associated with a manliness that would preserve dignity while workers earned wages and that promised in the end to release them from wage labor. Men practically symbolized labor to show their manliness by operating industrial machines in which the past women were not allowed to operate. Men [he] knew labored with their bodies. They were marginal farmers just scraping by, or welder’s steelworkers, carpenters; they swept floors, dug ditches, mined coal, or drove trucks, their forearms ropy with muscle; they trained horses, stoked furnaces, built tires, stood on assembly lines wrestling parts onto cars and refrigerators†¦. The nails of their hands were black and split, the hands with tattooed scars† (Sanders). The idea also explicitly excluded women, even wives and daughters, from wage work. Women were usually the ones who catered the men with food or any housekeeping material and taking care of their children. This idea took a transition when he went to college. Sander's was very fortunate to attend college. He himself was very surprised, for among people of his social class, it was a rare opportunity. His views of the world were put into logical perspective. His socialization with the women opened his eyes to the hardships they had to undertake, to get out of the shadow of being a female and be respected for their intellect and hard work. As he felt helpless before for being poor, they in relation felt the same for being of a different gender. He thought he'd made an alliance because of the alienable circumstances that they'd been through. To his disappointment, the females at college did not take him in as a friend, but recognize him as the enemy. Even after he had grown up, escaped his harsh surroundings, and attended college, he often had to deal with the concept of unfairness. For in their lives growing up, being daughters of rich families, they knew from birth that men would become the ones with degrees and would be successful. Sanders proclaimed, â€Å"It was not my fate to become a woman, so it was easier for me to see the graces† (Sanders). This was an example of shift for Sanders; everything he thought he knew about women was turned upside down. Sander’s jealousy over women affects his views in college which creates contradicting elements of dignity towards the women he meets in college. Although the women he meets in college distinguish him as an enemy due to him being a feminist, he still respects their point of views. All Sander want for women to understand is equality. Since the women he meets in college come from a wealthy family and have no idea the way he was raised viewing life from a low class perspective; he tries to prove to them that this world is based on social perceptions rather than human perceptions. Not having a family that works in business and attire he only viewed men as toil workers and women as wives that provide house maintenance for the family. In conclusion, Sanders should be accepted as a feminist all to the women he meets in college. Sanders realized that the women he met wanted to share in the dignity of wealthy jobs worthy of degrees and intelligence. He also realized, â€Å"The difference between [him] and these women was that they saw [him], because of [his] sex, as destined from birth to become like their fathers, and therefore as an enemy to their desires† (Sanders). Sanders main point was that it is easier to overcome gender than class. By Sanders being accepted as a feminist in college he can engage those who are clueless and let them view his perspective. He can show his sympathy that he once faced in his childhood; the envies he had towards women.

A Comparison Between King Lear and Oedipus Essay

A tragedy is not only an imitation of life in general but an imitation of an action, as Aristotle defined his ideas in the Poetics, which presents Oedipus as an ultimate tragic hero. There is a obvious link between the two characters in that blindness – both literal and metaphorical – is a strong theme in the stories. Issues of self-recognition and self-knowledge are significant for Oedipus as well as King Lear. For Aristotle, Reversal, Recognition and Suffering are key elements in a complex tragedy. The human instinct to seek knowledge of and to know an individual’s character is essential to understand their actions (Aristotle, 1-49). King Lear and King Oedipus find that self recognition and self-knowledge are very important keys to understand their behaviour and as a consequence their lives. They learn by painful suffering that wealth and kingship means nothing and that both are only common men in the end. So all three key terms of Aristotle’s complex tragedy could be found in the plays: reversal, recognition and suffering. At the start of the play, King Lear is defined by his kingship, wealth and power, but when he introduces the ‘love-contest’ over his inheritance, the losing and suffering begins. First and most obviously, he loses his wealth and power. Although the hundred knights and title he retains, having given away his royal power, give him an illusionary security, without his power he is only a poor imitation of a king. It is the Fool who demonstrates with his honest and teasing answers that Lear has lost his identity, not only his property. He says â€Å"All thy other titles thou hast given away; that thou wast born with† (1.4.142) and â€Å"now thou art an 0 without a figure; I am better than thou art now. I am a fool, thou art nothing† (1.4.184). The Fool as well as Kent also tries to show Lear that his decision is not only about property and losing a big part of his identity. It is also about losing his most valuable treasure – his only true loving daughter. The Fool and Kent support King Lear during the play to find his identity, in contrast to Lear’s two elder daughters. They show him his weakness brutally when they do not allow him to keep his knights. This is the last evidence for Lear  that his two elder daughters have only wanted his property and do not care about him as a father. He still does not admit that self-worth and self identity has nothing to do with needs, nothing to do with wealth and power and that love has nothing to do with quantity but with quality. In his pain, he flees the truth as a last solution. The storm scene shows Lear’s madness and his journey to self recognition best, in which he must painfully accept that he is no more than a common man, powerless against the force of nature and the gods. It is not only Lear who has to find himself in this play. The bastard son of the Earl of Gloucester, Edmund, believes himself to be a character without scruple. His only thoughts are selfish and he does not understand that his machinations are ultimately self destructive and false. He plots against his brother and his father to gain power. Not even when his father is blinded as a result of his denunciation does he show any pity. Edmund thinks that he has a natural right to use everything to get what he wants. However, at the end, he realizes his wrong behaviour when he declares, â€Å"I pant for life. Some good I mean to do† (5.3.241). But it is too late – for Cordelia and for him. At the end Lear knows that only the love of his daughter Cordelia is worth living for. Nonetheless Cordelia and Lear die – Lear, wiser than he ever was and so a real tragic hero and Cordelia – a sacrificial victim of this tragedy. Lear finally finds out that true love has nothing to do with property but with knowing oneself and recognizing each other. True understanding of love must mean true understanding of oneself. King Oedipus’s character is similar to King Lear’s. Oedipus is a man, who is fully aware of his strength, intelligence and power. As the solver of the riddle and the national leader of Thebes in a moment of crisis, he is a noble hero and a great celebrity. Thebes high esteem for Oedipus is shown through the Chorus until the bitter end of the play. In the beginning of the play King Oedipus is a person of vast self-assurance. This character attribute is demonstrated in his willingness to take the full responsibility  for dealing with the crisis, the plague. King Oedipus feels certain that he will also manage this crisis as he has done before with the riddle of the sphinx. He feels so self-assure that he even thinks he is able to trick the oracle and the gods by simply fleeing Corinth. But this is a big miscalculation as the play shows. The outline in the story of Oedipus’s self discovery begins when he starts to solve the second riddle, the riddle of Laius death. During this solving Oedipus’ character changes from an honour man to a fearful, condemned man by his tragic fate in the end. The changing of the character is accompanied by the changing of the riddle: the question â€Å"Who is the murderer of Laius?† changes to â€Å"Who am I?† Aristotle in his Poetics discusses this reversal when he speaks of â€Å"a change of the action into the opposite† (Aristotle, 18). As the tragedy moves on, finding the truth for Oedipus becomes an obsession. The dispute between Teiresias and Oedipus demonstrates that Oedipus does not even take the possibility of involvement in something bad into consideration. Teiresias, after he has been provoked, wants Oedipus to find the truth, to acknowledge himself. â€Å"I tell you, you and your loved ones live together in infamy, you cannot see how far you’ve gone in guilt† (418). Although, Teiresias’s speeches are very clear Oedipus negates the truth before himself. The ironic net of facts becomes clearer and clearer. After the entry of the messenger and the shepherd, Jocasta suddenly recognises the truth. She now knows what she is to Oedipus and what guilt lies upon her family. Nevertheless she tries to avoid the truth and tries to save Oedipus when she begs him â€Å"Stop – in the name of god, if you love your own life, call off this search!† (1163). But now, Oedipus wants to know everything so she could only scream, â€Å"You’re doomed – may you never fathom who you are!† (1173). When in the following lines Oedipus claims that he is a son of Chance he is only just entering the circle of increasing knowledge about himself. He soon realizes that outer forces may have impact on his life, but he still relies on his own genius and infallibility. As Oedipus discovers his own identity he has to learn about himself what it is to be a man. He learns that his behaviour and his mistakes are partially responsible for this horrific truth. So he takes the full responsibility for his punishment. In blinding himself he does not die physically but in a sense he is dead. Moving out into the wastelands there is nothing to look forward to except death. The self-recognition of what he  has done and consequently what he is to his children has destroyed him. The play ends in a sense as it begins, with the greatness of a hero. But it is a different kind of greatness. Now it is based on self-recognition and self-knowledge instead of ignorance and pride. Finally Oedipus has gained knowledge of himself and his reality and he realizes that higher forces, such as the gods and destiny have influence. Werner Jaeger declares in his Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture â€Å"to know oneself for Sophocles is to know man’s powerlessness† (Jaeger, 284). And this is to be true for Oedipus as well as for King Lear. King Lear’s and King Oedipus’s awareness of their strength and power is nothing in the end. At the start of the play both kings are majestic figures. Nevertheless not only their character flaws of pride and the exaggerated opinion of themselves lead to this ultimate downfall in the end. Oedipus and Lear cause their own fall partly because they do not know who they are. They first have to find out, through incredible sufferings, that they are nothing more but common men. Both characters symbolize the tragic hero in a perfect sense. The human suffering in these plays is so significant that the reader can almost feel it. Though Oedipus’ fate is determined, the reader still feels sympathy for the tragic hero, believing that somehow he doesn’t deserve what ultimately comes to him. The same applies for King Lear, who gives everything away to his daughters, who will only betray and defraud him. Although in both plays the theme of self-knowledge is very important, it is only one of many ways of entry to the texts. The theme of Blindness, the impact of the Gods and Fate. are other interesting ways to look at the plays. But we learn from the first perspective that self-recognition and learning about oneself has also something positive. No matter how painful the realization, how destructive the outcome there are aspects of growth and gain in it. An important outcome of these plays is that the only person who can tell you who you really are is you by yourself. And this knowledge mitigates the sufferings at least a little bit.