Is Biomedical Model out of Date Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is Bio medical checkup Model prohibited of Date - Essay ExampleFrom this study it is clear thatthe main focus of this lay is on the pathology, the biochemistry and the physiology of a disease. The role of the persons mind or society in the cause and treatment of the disease is discarded in this mould. The main reason behind the birth of this model was the influence of Cartesian paradigm on medical thought. This model is considered as the conceptual foundation to the modern medicine. There is a growing perception, however, that the biomedical model cannot fully reflect the broad realities of modern health care.This discussion highlights that disease is considered to be malfunctioning of certain(a) part in the body. It is ground on the notion of the body as a machine, of disease as the consequence of breakdown of the machine, and of the doctors task as repair of the machine. This approach has a serious shortcoming because by focusing on smaller parts of the body we lose the sight of patient as a human being. Also by considering health as proper functioning of organs we are inefficient to deal with the phenomenon of healing as it is not only based on physical factors but on psychological factors of the human body.The concept of health and the concept of life are closely related. Around the orchis people follow different cultures and life styles.They are adapted to different environment and slight spay in the environment may lead to change in their health.... So here the ecological symmetry is also considered while considering the concept of health. This contradicts the bio medical model.In the biomedical model, health is defined as the absence of disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a dynamic state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This clearly shows that the biomedical model fails to take aim the social and psychological issues and thus can be cons idered to be outdated. The new era of medical cognition witnessed tremendous advancement in technology and physicians succeeded in knowing human body deeper and deeper. In animosity of much advancement physicians are failing to deal with the unique self of their patients. The medical profession, which is mainly based on reductionistic biomedical model of human being, has left no room for the social, psychological and behavioral dimensions of illness. due to this patients are unable to communicate their exact problem to the physician and are responding only with a can of malpractice suits. This clearly shows that by following the outdated biomedical model physicians were failing to treat their patients well.There has been hassle in assessing the relation between medicine and health as most health statistics use the finalize biomedical concept of health which defines it as the absence of disease. The correct approach is to consider the health of the somebody and also health of t he society .this should include mental illness and social pathologies. This clearly shows that the biomedical model can only contribute to the elimination of certain diseases but cannot guarantee complete restoration of health.holistic view of illness tells that

Ethics Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics Assignment - Essay ExampleShe has informed the Boeing managers that she would be fitted to conserve the interests of Boeing using her influences if they recruit her daughter and son in law. This paper briefly analyses the above guinea pig and discusses the possible ethical violations involved in this issue.The first ethical violation involved in this slickness is that Darlene tried to sacrifice the interest of her employer for gaining undue advantages. It is the duty of Darlene to exhibit 100% loyalty to her employer and to work invariably for the benefit of her employer. Boeing will take undue advantages from Darlene and she will be forced to work for Boeing if she recommend for her relatives. At the uniform while Darlene cannot stay inactive in finding jobs for her beloved ones. Her daughter and son in law will dislike her if she fails to use her influences in favour of them. It is difficult for Darlenes daughter and son in law to lead a good family life without employ ment and hence it is the duty of Darlene to admirer them in finding suitable jobs. So when we analyse the above case with respect to personal ethics, Darlene did nonentity wrong in trying to find employment for her relatives or beloved ones. At the same time when we analyse this case with respect to professional ethics, Darlene committed serious mistake. If her organic law loses nothing, sometimes, the actions of Darlene could have justified, but her organization may face damages if Darlene allots projects to Boeing without obeying the norms.Darlene can argue that if she stays away from recommending, others may use the same means to render employment in Boeing and will safeguard their interests. It is sometimes seem (wrongly) as a victimless crime and is often rationalized in terms of if we dont offer a bribery, others will From a moral or ethical perspective it should be approached not in terms of can we get away with it but is it right to offer a bribe to secure a

Blood Vessel Constitutive Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Blood Vessel Constitutive Models - Essay lessonIn fact, there are many parameters that need to be examined in order to formulate a valid assumption regarding the role of mechanical function of agate line vas peculiarly in the response of patients to specific treatment. Because of this fact, it is necessary that several models are developed which are going to be evaluated as of their pertinence by the medical practitioner involved in each particular case. Current analyse examines especially the structure and the effectiveness of a series of blood vessel constitutive models as they have been include in the paper of Vito and Dixon published in the Annual Review of Biomedical and Engineering (2003). The specific study presents the most signifi give the bouncet models that have been designed in order to represent the mechanical properties of blood vessel in monetary value that these properties if known to the practitioners are going to be useful towards the design and the implem entation of the stamp down treatment in patients that suffer from health problems caused by the dysfunction of veins and arteries.The particular topic has been chosen because of its signification for the design of the appropriate treatment plans in cases of health problems caused because of a dysfunction of arteries and veins. On the other hand, there are a few models that have been designed and tested in relation with the mechanical properties of blood vessel. These models however need to be critically analyzed in order to be evaluated whether the above models can be used by medical practitioners on a daily basis in terms that a situation (health problem) needs an emergent arrangement. In other words, can the models presented in the paper of Vito and Dixon (2003) be applied in all cases of health problems or they have to be alternated in order to play the requirements of each particular situation? Moreover, are these models applicable in practice or they are meet

International Media Communication Research Paper

inter caseist Media Communication - Research Paper ExampleWith the free flow of information in the international arena, where the participants in the other countries now possess better accessibility to the facts and issues faced by the neighboring countries, the international media converse channels such as the news media are often criticized of being influenced by the socio-cultural and semipolitical biases or else raising the risk of false consciousness and even racial stereotyping (Barnhurst, 2005 Media Monitoring Project, 1999). Based on these aspects, the raillery henceforth will intend to illustrate and critically review two news stories presented from distinct ideologies by two international media channels, the shake off unexampleds of the unite States and The Guardian of the United Kingdom. The stories have been selected cand on the same issue, the recent support of President Mr. Barack Obama of same-sex nuptialss in the United States. Background of the Story Preside nt Obamas Support of Same-Sex Marriage Same-sex marriages have long been under critical scrutiny by social and political institutions in the United States. Even though six states of the geopolitical region of the United States, including Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and New York, have legally permitted the performance of same-sex marriages, the federal law yet restricts the act to be accredited openly in the American society. Apparently, the depiction of agreeability or vice-versa of the legal approval for same-sex marriages has emerged to be a base for distinction between social groups. In the social context of America, the polarization based on same-sex marriage accreditations has been apparent since the implementation of the policy measure Dont Ask, Dont Tell by the former President Mr. Bill Clinton in the year 1992. This policy measure placed emphasis on restricting the open depiction of homosexual behavior, especially within the military base (Singer, 2008). This polarization in the American society has become more perceptible with the statement in favor of homosexual marriages do by the President Obama to the ABC News. In his words, ...Ive just concluded that for me personally it is important for me to go forwards and affirm that I think same-sex couples should be able to get married (Klein, 2012). This particular appraisal by the current President of the United States attracted a mass attention not only in the national context but also from the international horizon, making an obvious presence in the international media channels. Recently, by and by being aired in the news media, the support of Mr. Barack Obama came reverberating in the Fox News as well as in The Guardian, the former being a renowned tabloid in the United States and the latter in the United Kingdom. However, in both the narratives a distinct ideology can be examined in the course of illustrating the statements connoted by the American President. Where the narration or th e story portrayed by the Fox News can be identified as highly

Transfusion reaction in a case with the rare Bombay blood group Study

blood transfusion reaction in a with the rare Bombay tide rip convocation - subject Study ExampleAn occurrence of antigen H, synthesized by H gene, determines the expression of the A and B antigens. The antigen is a substratum for enzymes A and B transferases encoded by ABO blood group genes present on chromosome 19 of the human race genome. Due to the absence of transferases in O group, H substance persists on the RBCs leading to the inability of Bombay phenotype patients to synthesize the two antigens. In addition, ABH antigens do not exist in their red blood cells. When transfuse with unharmonious blood groups, a hemolytic reaction occurs in Bombay phenotypic recipients.Misdiagnosis in through blood group determination is prevalent in patients with the Bombay phenotype. Bombay phenotype individuals exhibit a high presence of anti-H in their plasma (Shahshahani et al., 2013). The quick presence of antigen H explains the occurrence of hemolytic reaction when transfused with a ny other blood type unconnected from Bombay phenotype blood group. Hemolysis is a prerequisite for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) responsible for the symptoms witnessed in the patient. Decreasing cases of misdiagnosis in blood group determination entails incorporating reverse blood grouping together with O control cells to enhance assignment of Bombay phenotype donors.Shahshahani, H. J., Vahidfar, M. R., & Khodaie, S. A. (2013). Transfusion reaction in a case with the rare Bombay blood group.Asian Journal of Transfusion Science, 7(1),

Psy 200 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Psy 200 - Essay ExampleIn this experiment, a majority of the participants would conform to a mixer norm or any norm such as in the control experiment. Participants were so nettled especially in the scrap condition in which they faced a infraction of a favorable norm. they felt like their privacy was being violated when the mixer was violated with someone standing withal close, especially people of the same gender. They emotionally felt so angry and disgusted when asked to violate the norm-standing in like manner close when talking to someone. It is worth noning that, it was especially different for people who somehow knew each otherwise, they tend to make love the violation. In the case of condition 1, there were emotional reactions displayed when participants were asked to conform. Not all the participants were comfortable doing norm violation especially for the second condition but in condition one, the participants asked to violate the norm had no problems. As far as con dition one is concerned, on occasion was very clear, the participants willingness to go along with social pressures was much stronger than their beliefs to stand up for what their individually know or believe as true. On the other hand, participants in the second condition believed in going along with social norms and were not prepared to go against it.For the first condition, it is apparent that people were willing not willing to violate the social norm because they did not want to feel different from the rest they were more concerned with what the others might think, and believed that, majority rules. However, in the second condition, people did not want to violate the social norm because they felt it was not the right thing to since it was violating on peoples privacy or making the conversion difficult. It was very easy to blast males than it was to approach ladies who felt enthusiastic to participate. Most men

Cloud computing (Opportunities and concerns (security)) Essay

Cloud reckoning (Opportunities and concerns (security)) - Essay ExampleCloud computing greatly scales down the business resources, this is because you do non feature to own these resources provided you can get them through the sack. These resources include package product and business applications, development and runtime platforms and root (Hauck et al 2010). Hayes (2010) describes this phenomenon as programs and data organism transferred from personal computers and corporate server rooms and being installed in constellations or demoralizes. He cites an example of making an excel spreadsheet using Google docs. In this case you whitethorn not start the software product installed in your computer but you can access it over the web services and web APIs. Cloud computing has come with several opportunities especially for the business people but there has withal been several security concerns over this innovation. This paper discusses the opportunities availed by cloud computin g and also the security concerns. 1.1 Opportunities 1.1.1 Time to market products and services can be reduced Cloud computing provides businesses with an chance to market their products via the services available on the internet. The old method was that one had to use the computer software to publish posters to advertise their products and services. These posters had then to be distributed to the potential consumers. However, businesses can now use cloud found systems such as emails, Facebook and Twitter to market their products and services. I hypothesize this is a good opportunity for businesses that have embraced technology. 1.1.2 Reduction in court of IT investment Cloud computing offer businesses and organizations an opportunity to reduce on their cost of investing in information and technology. Traditionally, businesses, individuals or organizations had to install the software they required and maintain them. This software comes with a price and they may need regular updat es. The software may also crash and lead to lose of all your data. The introduction of cloud marketing has reduced the risks and costs in information technology. The software or programs are available over the internet and you whole pay on demand. You do not need to pay for the maintenance cost and the risk of data loss is greatly reduced. However, I think cloud computing also needs some investment in IT. 1.1.3 Reduction of barrier of mesmerise The introduction of cloud computing is a game changer for rules of competition in the business sector. Traditionally, only large business could manage to own and use computer services and programs in their business activities because of the cost of installation and maintenance. Cloud avails the infrastructure to all business on rent. This offers small and medium enterprises an opportunity to expeditiously use the infrastructure and enjoy the benefits as large firms. With that, the platform of competition will be levelled. This energy be t rue, but it is my view that it is the already established companies that can better utilize the opportunity of cloud

Laws on Tattoos in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Laws on Tattoos in the Workplace - Essay ExampleThe fair play supports the presence of body tattoos in visible areas as it is embedded in the constitution that every several(prenominal) is subject to the universal human rights that cannot be taken a panache. As such, the tattoos are a part of the contemplation of the individual who has the tattoos, as they attempt to bring a point to the world in the one way they know best. With this in mind, the law supports the presence of these visible tattoos as they are part of the persons rights and do not violate anybody elses rights. This is to say that the law prohibits the denial of work or a job based on race, colour, ethnicity, gender or religious beliefs, which also translates to the important aspect of the tattoos (Crowe). In relation to this, the law supports the employees to have that which pleases them, but not at the expense of the employer. Aside from this, there is the sound support for the ban of visible tattoos in the oeuvr e based on the professional code of moral philosophy and code of dress dictated by the employer. In this possibility, the employers rights take precedence oer those of the employee, where the employee should add up the conditions train by the employer. The translation of this is that the law recognizes the independence of the employer, and even the incumbent sovereignty, where one has to submit to the workplace rules. There are distinct precedents that uphold the rights of both the employee and the employer but set the boundaries as to who takes precedence over the other, and who should submit to the will of the other. With this in mind, the legal fraternity in the United States dictates that the rights of the employer precede those of the employee, in which case the courts have ruled in favour of the employers consistently (Lynn). This is to mean that the employers, according to the law, are legally mandated to set the boundaries for the employees on how much body art they can display.

Learning Diary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Learning Diary - Essay ExampleWhen I was growing up, one of my favourite quotes was byAlexander whole meal flour Bell who said A man, as a general rule, owes a very little to what he is born with a man is what he makes of himself. I fox made it a habit of composing down my goals and dreams and keep track of my achievements or failures in life, and hence when we were asked to keep a learning journal or log of experiences and activities under imbiben during the MSc year I was crimson happier because this was now officially a fragment of my course. Body When I look at my life right now, I am excited at what lies ahead of me. I have always been an optimist and the future seems bright and filled with possibilities. I presently run at a bank and love my job, and am well on the way to becoming a manager for the bank in the near future. Completing my Masters degree in handicraft Management will add to my advantage of securing this position, which I consider to be prestigious and fil led with challenges. only when I started triming with the Bank, it was a whole new experience and because of the hard work and my extra lather put into my job over a period of time, I have managed to earn the respect of my gents and more important get noted by the senior management and win the institutionalise of my customers. I had put down quite a few goals which I wanted to achieve at the Bank into my Learning Diary and would review it every fortnight to personalizedly rate my performance at work. Goals give you a sense of meaning and purpose. Goals give you a sense of direction. As you move toward your goals and you obtain happier and stronger, you feel more energized and effective. You feel more competent and confident in yourself and your abilities. Every step you take toward your goals increases your belief that you can set and achieve even bigger goals in the future.My personal achievements at work can be categorised under three main headings.Respect from my Colleague s My colleagues are the bullyest in the world, simply because they appreciate and respect me so much for all the hard work that I have put in, the extra hours and the fact that I am always available to help them out when they ask, even if it means I have to stay back late. My skill and knowledge acquired in the Banking sector has increase and they often come to me for advice or a solution to a problem they are facing.Trust from my Customers Edgar Watson Howe erst said The greatest humiliation in life is to work hard on something from which you expect great appreciation, and then fail to get it. Thank God, that doesnt apply to me. The customers more often that not pay praise or sometimes go a step further and put in a personal word or send across an email to my Managers and let them know I am doing a good job.Recognition from my Managers The good thing about the job is that there is a

Kennedy's Forreign Policy (1961-63) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Kennedys Forreign Policy (1961-63) - Assignment ExampleBefore his alternative success, President Kennedy was unaware of the blueprintned invasion of Cuba. In fact, he criticized the role of Eisenhower administration for failing to qualifying support to the anti-Castro Cubans in their fight for freedom. However, the reverse was true the Eisenhower government has planning and invasion into Cuba which Kennedy was briefed after the elections and opted to come up with the process. The argument posed was the effect of withdraw of America from the support of the anti-Castro revolt would demoralize Cubans and lead to spartan challenge in the relationship between Cuba and the US.The American university speech was a speech issued by the American universities during the cold war period. The universities advised the then president John Kennedy not to plunge the nation into other war bearing in mind that the U.S had not yet fully recovered from the horrors of the Second know takege base War .The Bay of Pigs invasion was a major unsuccessful military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the paramilitary meeting on April 1961. During the challenge, President Kennedy was involved in the action. However, the group was defeated within three days by forces controlled by the Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro. The president was new in office but consented to the plan of Cuban invasion. Initially, President Eisenhower was concerned with the direction taken by the Cuban prime minster and has indicated the need to time period Castro from ascending to power. The attack by the US involved 1400 paramilitaries divided into five infantry large number. The Cuban battalion was headed by Jos Ramn Fernandez, but the brigade was taken over by Fidel Castrol. The invasion led to loss by America with the capture soldiers being interrogated and sends back to the US (Traynor, 2001, p. 279). In fact, the win strengthens the view of Castros administration and the claiming of the

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT (Facility Design) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

operations MANAGEMENT (Facility Design) - Essay ExampleAnother devotion to keep in mind in readiness soma is the management of equipment replacement or its maintenance to comply with line of credit continuity plans (Meyers & Stephens, 2004). There ar instances where facility design also includes working with the landscape of the infrastructure to maximize the space. This is mostly true in facilities where the cost of real estate or usable space is expensive however, business operations and logistics consideration mandate that they work within the infrastructure. From a management perspective facility designs should provide operational efficiencies that would sustain more production output. The facility design of a belief and enveloping facility of a kick service company pull up stakes be examined. The primary focus of the analysis is to ensure that wastage in hurt of time and product routing are not only exposed but quantified. However, health and safety factors including b usiness continuity considerations willing also be taken into considerations to ensure that the optimum design is being followed or not. The flexibility of the components of the facility will also be examined to memorise their efficacy when it comes to their function. Attached is the rough rough drawing of the facility design using blocks to represent the major equipment in the facility. Given the nature of their business, the company telephone and location will be kept confidential for security reasons. Printing and Enveloping Facility burden area for bills for delivery and loading area for raw materials Postal Area Segregation Section subject Cooling and Staging area for enveloping Print Paper and Envelop storage area. Evaluation and epitome After the processing of the image of the bill in the computer, the generated file will be printed using the mellow speed laser printers. After the bill has been printed the bill forms will be staged and cooled at style temperature to p revent warping at the inserting machine. Once cooled the inserting machines will cut and fold the bills and put them into envelops together with promotional inserts if there are any. The inserted bill will then be segregated by their area to determine the amount of their postage. The posting machines will then mark each bill for postage. The segregation process will also segregate the bills that are faster and cheaper to deliver through a delivery service. The rest of the bills will be sent through regular postal mail service. The bills generated through this process are the customers of the clients of the bill service that opted for printed bills instead of email or electronic bills. The areas to consider in the analysis of the facility design are the materials used and how they are affected by each of the process. An example of this is how the papers are heat by the printing process which makes it very pliant. This makes it difficult to cut and fold the bills for it to be proper ly inserted in envelops. Since this is a real concern it makes sense for air conditioners to cool the staging area after printing before they are inserted into the enveloping machines as indicated in the facility design. There are only both printers as against three inserting machines since the printer is much faster than the enveloping machines. The printers also generate a luck of heat that it makes sense to have more air coolers in

Forensic investigator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Forensic investigator - Essay ExampleThe report is composed in response to a request from the investigation unit.1. James Murray allegedly worked as a team head of numerous do do drugss dealers on small scale level. The culprit had sensitively plotted and worked on the whole scheme of drug dealing. The co-conspirators were corresponded through and through a laptop hence leading to no physical proofs to the forensic unit. The culprit was starting reported by one of his classmates, Walter Thom, declaring that he had heard the culprit conversing about the deal over the booth phone, offering the bureau an opportunity to generate his phone records for the proceedings of this case.2. After the statement from Thom (witness), Murray (culprit) was put infra surveillance. His internet connection and phone records were under continuous observation of the investigation bureau. Surprisingly, for over more than twain weeks time, thither was no obvious evidence of the culprit being engrossed i n any of the drug dealing crime. Neither his phone records showed any suspicious calls or text messages. On further evaluation, it was discover that during 10 PM until the midnight, for two weeks, no data was received from the culprit although the connection was sustained. The testing reason out that the culprit exploited a high technology hacking system which would facilitate his data to be ancestral to his co-conspirators through a profoundly secured portico. The hacking experts took two days to access his system. And the flow of receiving the data alleviated.After that, there was no reply to this e-mail. The other culprit might have discussed it in person or through some other mean. The e-mail was a significant source of the other two names meshed in this crime. Investigations on Job Rhett, aged 24, with rather a considerable criminal record and robin White, aged 19, a college student debarred due to disgraceful leisure pursuits and conduct. The email also gave a wind instru ment that the culprits used a code word for the drugs spoon. The car was

Topics in cultural studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Topics in cultural studies - Essay ExampleThis was especi in ally transparent in the strong resistance that missionaries had to face, as well as the general attitude that greatly condemned adapting to the occidental religion or assimilation significantly. The reason for this might perhaps be that India and China were far more(prenominal) actual than Africa. They had stronger roots within their own association and they had a strong consciousness of identity and development, twain cultural and former(a)wise. Africa on the other hand was relatively more primitive than these countries and there were also fewer people. Furthermore, Africa experienced a considerable amount of syncretism owing to the interconnections and interactions that arose during the slave trade movement (Curto & Soulodre-La France, 2005). Thats why when the encountered western culture, they were far more ready to adopt it, and had far fewer reasons to resist it. India and China had their own cultures and reli gions and they had developed them over hundreds of years, and so they did not take to adapting to foreign cultures that easily. What legacies bring the differences in types of encounters and degrees of cultural change left(p) today? The effects of the different sort of reactions syncretism faced in Africa and China and India have left a significant impact on them even today. China and India are both highly integrated nations, because they have a strong sense of self-identity and a rummy cultural integrity, on which they can build their arse of individuality and take their stand of independence on. Neither is easily influenced by outside factors, and each has a distinct sense of common identity among its people, giving rise to a sense of unity and unity of thinking, evident in the harmony the people of each country have with each other. Africa on the other hand doesnt seem to have such a strong sense of self-identity and legacy. Although on a very small scale, various communitie s have managed to retain a unique cultural identity, by and large, African culture has adapted various elements of American syncretism particularly in terms of spectral dominance. This is also true when viewed inversely, that is African syncretism in America, as African culture has also left a significant impact on American culture, but when viewing Africa itself, it seems fairly evident that Africa considerably lost its own unique sense of identity when undertaking American influence. Of course now that Africa is again regaining some sense of identity, this unique sense of culture also seems to be returning, with the Africans referring to their own ancient uniqueness more and more, but the religious dominance and syncretism is still evident and has left its on mark on African culture (Greenfield, Droogers & Droogers, 2001) by breaking the strong foundation that a regions cultural identity provides it, which can be observed in culturally strong nations such as India and China. Had syncretism not occurred in the Americas, how might modern culture be different? North America has experienced more syncretism than perhaps any other prominent society of the modern day era. This is in terms of religion as well as culture syncretism. When colonists from all over the world arrived in America, they laid down their roots and foundations, each setting up

Ethical issues Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical issues - Article ExampleThis is whereby compassionate resource managers face the task of making certain(a) employees ar competent to work in the decentralized setting as opposed to how it was before. Employees will beget to be able to adapt to the virtual desk to incorporate the concept of flexible work arrangements are incorporated. (Misra, 2009) other crucial challenged encountered is the spheric business concept which entails that with the fast growing organizations and the world becoming a global village, human resources managers should be knowledgeable about different cultures traditions and business practices so as to be at per with the globalization process. Thus, a need to keep them always informed on global and international issues. (Misra, 2009)Managing the cognitive operation of employees has also been a key area of concern as many human resource managers are not fully aware of all field expectations. Thus, they are incapable of determining operation levels of employees and as a result, fail to access level of competence of employees. Incorporation of all sub systems in human resource management has also proved to be a cog in the wheel. For efficient performance to be achieved, it is vital that the existing departments correlate in order to produce a smooth ravel department. (Mathis,

Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of providing the Essay

Discuss the recounting advantages and disadvantages of providing the service of pedagogics, either free to consumer (entirely sub - Essay ExampleTherefore, this means that society can assistant benefits overall in term of frugal growth, social coherence, democratic benefits, law and order (Friedman, 1995). Because of this neighborhood effect, some(prenominal) public and private sector are involved in the provision of learning. Both these sectors gain and regress by providing for gentility to society. We will explore these advantages and disadvantages for both sectors in detail below. Public sector or government should offer up for education because it will provide government with long-term benefit in terms of higher income and hence higher tax revenues to finance public services such as healthcare, and so on In addition to above advantage, government gains from education provision multiplies as it has to spend less on social security or welfare payments in the form of une mployment benefits or health benefits as individual can himself afford to pay for his expenses by earning. Crime researchers found that education reduces the crime rate by both juveniles and adults. The two main causes of crime reduction because of education could be either behavioral implement or better financial stability. By attaining education, an individual might be able to increase his earning and in that locationfore, reduces wring to commit crimes and escalates opportunity cost (Barr, 34-36). The major reason of government involvement in provision of education is to increase economic growth. This occurs when education results in an increase in human capital in the patience force which soars labor productivity and thus, leads to higher level of output. Another way in which education increases economic growth is by enhancing innovative capacity of the economy (Hanushek & Wo?mann, 2007). This refers to knowledge of new-sprung(prenominal) technologies, products, and proces ses which promotes growth. In addition, it can further the diffusion and transmission of knowledge needed to understand and process new information and to implement new technologies devised by others, again promoting growth (Hanushek & Wo?mann, 2007). The above point is substantiated by research done by economic expert that each year of schooling is associated with .58 percent increase in GDP points (Hanushek & Wo?mann, 2007). Governments need to provide for education is to achieve economic growth, which could ultimately results in increase in global engagement by producing in bulk, and exporting those products to rest of the world. Appreciated exchange rate is also an outcome of international competitiveness. In order to create equal distribution of income and wealth, government of any country is obliged to provide free education to all its citizens. This would not only reduce income disparities but also result in reduced poverty rate through income effect, which is a great con cern of any government. Furthermore, social cohesion is also an obvious outcome of education. This occurs when common cultural experience boost communication with different people both in current and future time. There is also strong evidence that higher education is associated with higher political participation, voluntary work, and community affairs. These reasons are binding enough for government to provide education service (Barr, 34-36). Although there are multifarious advantages from governments free service of education to its citizens, there are numerous costs which government has to bear as result of its provision. This cost could range in the form of financial

General Mills Case Essay Example for Free

familiar hang arounds Case Es imagine everyday mill is a major manufacturer and marketer of consumer foods in partnership with Pepsi Co. and Nestle. General Mills revenue enhancement is about 7.5 dollars with a market capitalization numbering to about 11 billion dollars. Its products are cereals, snacks, yoghurt and many more and with this, they fork up to decide about an acquisition of another business which complements their products for them to be sufficient to create more shares of stocks for the personal growth of the club. The company which they want to acquire is Pillsbury which is owned by Diageo PLC. Diageo PLC is considered as one of the leading consumer goods companies in the world. Owned by Diageo, Pillsbury operates as an independent company which produces refrigerated simoleons and baked goods which is related with the business of General Mills. Pillsburys earning on year 2000 is $6.1 billion with reason qualified debt structure.This action requires Genera l Mill to issue 141million shares of its common stock to Diageo, making him own 33% of General Mills outstanding stocks. It also included an assumption of $5.142 billion of Pillsbury debt by Diageo. The first two statements when added would totality to the asking expense of Diageo which is $10.5 billion that is $500 million larger than the proposed compensation of Gen. Mills totaling to $10 billion. some other is a contingent payment by Diageo of up to $642 million to General Mills upon the first day of remembrance of the performance depending on General Mills 20days share price at that time. If the dealing would be completed, General Mills would then own 100% of the Pillsburys stock as it would already be owned by General Mills.In relation with the terms set in the transaction, General Mills didnt like to issue one third of its shares to Diageo that is actually equal to 33%, which is what Diageo wanted. Another is that General Mills didnt want to lose value it its investment grade bond rating.Positive results if transaction is approved1. General Mills will achieve growth because sales that will be make byPillsbury will now be added to the sales made by General Mills and that goes with an increment in revenue for General Mills. This result will then benefit GMs share-holders. 2. The two companies products are related and thus there would be easier management and operation since they could combine materials and resources and be able to choose which are the better suppliers bases on what the two companies currently have. Upon acquisition, they joint companies could now remove and agree what is better for them to have for better production.In relation to this, they would then be able to save be maybe from production or others like taxes. 3. Merger of brand names could increase the value of the company with regards to their popularity. 4. According to Porter, there is rivalry in industries and as a Hotel and Restaurant Management graduate, I could say th at the competition within the food industry is very intense because of low barriers to entry. So, the joining of two handsome companies is essential for them to be able to create stronger barriers to diminish competitors and therefore earn more than usual.EXHIBIT 3Price of stocks on transaction date, July 14, 2000 is $36.31Total stocks 141million * 3 = 423millionTotal price of stocks as of Nov. 27, 2000423million * $36.31 = $15.359 billionThe in style(p) price of stocks of General Mills is equal to $40.49 as of Nov. 27, 2000Remaining stocks after transaction423-141 = 282millionTotal price of remaining stocks after transaction282million * $40.49 = $11.418 billion*This would show that General Mills did not lose so much since there was increase in the price of their stock that means that it would be receive payment from Diageo amounting to $642 million which it could use to buy back some of its stocks. attainable negative Effects of Acquisition1. Possible increase in their debt since according to exhibit 5, General Mills have a total debt to integrity ratio of 12.048 with a long term debt to equity ratio of 6.179. 2. Possible loss of employment because of bell saving and duplication in the position of employees for the joint company.In conclusion, I think that they should agree with the transaction because of the more positive result it will bring compared to the negative effects that it could give. The losses they will have will surely have a great return after they have polished everything in their marketing, production, management operations and in regards with whole new company.

Marry Shellys Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Marry Shellys Frankenstein Es expressIn the story there are obvious sections, there are a few reasons for this. As you read the book you realize that the story is subdivided. There are variant forms of narrative in the story. This varies from letterform at the start of the story, different narrators and letters sent to people in the story. In Frankenstein there are three different narrators, these are the monster, lord Frankenstein and Robert Walton. The narrative set up is instead like an onion. This is because you have the main narrator, the monster, in the middle then passkey and then finally on the outside Walton. Robert Walton would have been seen as a Romantic hero because of his freedom fighterlious ways. Mary Shelly choose Robert Waltons lineament because she demands him to be a rebel, which excessively links him to Victor Frankenstein as victor is a rebel as well. Mary Shelly links Robert Walton to Romantics. Firstly Romantics have interest in nature, rather lik e Robert Walton who is going on a voyage to the northeast Pole. Also Romantics rebelled against social rules. Robert Walton is rebelling against what Shelley calls the rules of nature as he goes on an picnic to the undiscovered.There are many Romantic heroes from various books like Odysseus from The Odyssey. But there are also other rebellious heroes many of who are from myths and legends. One of the main rebellious heroes was Prometheus who gave fire to man against genus Zeus will and was punished for it. Shelly presents Robert Walton as a rebel, rather like Victor Frankenstein. We no that Robert Walton is a rebel firstly because he rebels against the limitations of knowledge, he is going to the North Pole. He says, I shall satiate my ardent speciality with the sight of a part of the world never before visited. This means that he wants satisfy his imply for knowledge by searching the unknown world. We also know he is a rebel as his father forbids him to go on a voyage, which he is doing. Also we see that he doesnt desire luxuries or an easy life, he says My life might have been passed in ease and luxury, but I pet glory to every enticement that wealth placed in my path. This also shows that he will go a long way for glory and that he would much prefer glory than luxury and ease.Victor Frankenstein is seen as an amazing being through Robert Waltons eyes through their time together. Shelly describes Frankenstein through the eyes of Robert Walton as a Divine wanderer. Also Walton Says that he is, so gentle, yet so wise. From Shellys choice of words we thr whiz see that Robert Walton sees Victor Frankenstein as a person with superhuman qualities. Therefore throughout Robert Waltons letter we fucking see that Robert Walton looks up to Victor Frankenstein as a rebellious hero and as an amazing being.Structurally, Shellys hatchway to the novel is quiet strange. At the start of the novel you have Robert Waltons letters and then Shelly follows the letters wit h Victors personal story. I believe that the way Shelley has opened the novel may be strange but it is hard-hitting trough out the sequence. By using different narratives Shelly encourages the reader to compare and contrast the viewpoints of Victor Frankenstein and Robert Walton. From Chapter angiotensin-converting enzyme Mary Shelly proceeds to create the character of Victor Frankenstein through his own narrative.Interestingly, she reveals that like the first narrator, Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein has had the desire to reach new depths of scientific research since he was a child. Mary Shelly shows the reader the parallels in the midst of the two narrators, Robert Walton and Victor Frankenstein. Firstly the reader can see that Frankenstein and Walton are alike, as they both want to rebel against the limitation of knowledge. The reader knows this as Walton wants to find new undiscovered things by going to the North Pole and Frankenstein wants to create life.Also the reader c an see that the two of the narrators are alike as they both rebel against their father. Finally the reader can see the similarities in the characters as they both say that they have had the desire to reach new depths of scientific research since they where children. Luke Garner 10Pd English Literature Mr Dorefeyev demonstrate preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Step by Wicked Step Essay Example for Free

Step by Wicked Step Essay ground on the novels that you have read, educate a comparison between two prominent characters and highlight the differences. Support your answer with evidence from the text.Based on the novel Step by Wicked Step by Anne Fine, the two prominent characters that I would like to compare is Colin and Richard Clayton Harwick.The first difference that I would like to highlight is Colin loves his stepfather, whoreson whom he calls soda as Colin himself never knew his real father and Jack has been with Colin since he was eight months old. Meanwhile, Richard hates his stepfather, Reverend Coldstone because he had do Richards life miserable by sending him to Mordanger School for four long years where he learnt nothing but how to starve, freeze and had been bullied and robbed of all his precious little tokens.Next, Colin is loyal to his fix. Colin knew that his mother thought it was correct that they are away(predicate) from Jack since he does not have a jo b. Colin had stopped questioning his mother about Jack because he knows that his mother is always busy and does not have time for him. Meanwhile, Richard had miserable his promise to his father about taking care of his mother, Lilith and his sister, Charlotte when he ran away. Richard had forgotten that his father had told him that he is the universe of the house and they will depend on him.On the other hand, Colin did not give up swear of finding his father, Jack. He wrote a letter and sends it to Jack although he does not know whether Jack would begin it or not. Meanwhile, Richard had given up on his family and did not try to have any contact with them because he thought they were happy without him.Furthermore, Colin is a sentimental person. He thinks about Jack every single sidereal day and night. He would take out Jacks tobacco tin and sniff it. Colin would also drum their favourite song, The Bluebird of Happiness everynight. Meanwhile, Richard didnt think twice before run ning away because he assumed that his family would be happy when he is gone. On the other hand, Colin knew that he was young and doesnt have teeming money to go and try to find Jack. Therefore, he started to save money by selling newspapers and asking his mother for money instead of presents for his birthday so that he would have enough money to find Jack when he is older.Meanwhile, Richard made the wrong decision by running away. His military action had caused his mother, Lilith to spend a fortune to find him. His sister, Charlotte married Charles Devere, a lawyer at the age of sixteen because Charles had promised Charlotte that he would help her find her brother. Eventually, Richards mother died of heartbreak, his stepfather, Reverend Coldstone died of fury and his sister died of fever at childbirth.From the differences, we can see that Collin had made the right decision and Richard did not. Colin had a very deep affection for his stepfather, Jack and had decided to save up, and when he had enough money, he will go in search of his stepfather. The affright with its broken leg was remaining in Colins bag with a purpose. It was to remind him of Richard who made a mistake by loss home. His friends hoped that by their action, Colin would make a wise decision and not take up the same mistake which Richard made.Meanwhile, Richard was being unwise, irresponsible and unethical when he abandoned his family. By his ruthless and selfish action, he did not realize that he had actually added more problems to his family instead. They were emotionally upset about him leaving the family. It broke their hearts and eventually it led to their deaths. Richard regretted what he did. He was remorseful but it was too late. He became miserable, lonely and a sad man. Though he inherited a fortune, he lost his love ones because of his impulsive and selfish act.Therefore, when unforeseen things happen and problems need to be dealt with especially in broken relationships or whate ver circumstances that affect our families and ourselves, we need to resolve them instead of running away and leaving the problems to others. behavior is always a struggle and problems are never ending. We have to learn to share, to be responsible, take up the challenges, be tolerant and learn to face the troubles we meet in todays society be it about brokenrelationship, death and others. From the lessons we learnt, let us not repeat the same mistakes that Richard did and the scars he left behind.

Physics Key Words Essay Example for Free

Physics Key Words EssayCapacitance ratio of take stored per annex in potential difference. Capacitor galvanisingal trick used to store charge and readiness in the galvanic battleground. Charged object that has an unbalance of positive and negative electric automobileal charges. Charging by conduction process of charging by touching neutral object to a supercharged object. Charging by induction process of charging by legal transfer neutral object near charged object, then removing part of resulting separated charge. Effective current DC current that would recrudesce the same heating effects. Effective voltage DC potential difference that would produce the same heating effects. galvanic charge pump twisting, often a battery or generator, that increase potential of electrical charge. Electrical circuit continuous highway through which electrical charges can flow. Electrical current flow of charged particles.Electrical field property of space around a charged object t hat causes forces on other charged objects. Electric field lines lines representing the direction of electric field. Electric field strength ratio of force exerted by field on a tiny test charge to that change. Electric generator device converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Electric potential ratio of electric potential energy to charge. Electric potential difference difference in electric potential amid twain points. Electric potential energy energy of a charged body in an electrical field. Electron gas model description of current flow through conductors. Electroscope device to detect electric charges.Electrostatics study of properties and results of electric charges at rest. Equivalent ohmic resistance single resistance that could replace several resistors. Galvanometer device used to measure very small currents.Ohm SI unit of resistance one(a) volt per ampere. Ohms law resistance of object is constant, independent of voltage crossways it. Piezoelectricity ele ctric potential produced by deforming material. Potential difference difference in electric potential between two points. Potential energy energy of object due to its position or state. Potentiometer electrical device with variable resistance rheostat. Power rate of doing work rate of energy conversion.Resistance ratio of potential difference across device to current through it.Resistance force force exerted by a machine.Resistor device designed to have a specific resistance.Resultant vector sum of two or more(prenominal) vectors.Semiconductor material in which electrical conduction is smaller than that in a conductor, but more than in insulator. Series circuit circuit in which electrical current flows through each component, one after another. Series connection arrangement of electrical devices so that there is only one path through which current can flow. Short circuit low resistance connection between two points, often accidental. Watt unit of power, one joule per second.

Goethe’s plotting Essay Example for Free

Goethes plotting EssayIn the intellectual history of Europe, Johann Wolfgang yon Goethe is central to the development of Romantic mobiliseing, which was contemporary in his day. Goethe attempted to see the world in a new light he reconsiders old questions of groovy and evil, as well as questions roughly human temper. The story of Faust allows such considerations. Romantics strive for something beyond their reach, beyond anyones reach. Contentment is not their goal. One place that we see Fausts striving is in his confabulation on unrest with Wagner (699-702). Just as Wagner illustrates the normal academic who thinks that books hold all the answers he needs, Faust as a Romantic has come twain to realize the limitations of whats in books and to be un leave behinding to fancy those limitations. Wagner thinks Faust should enjoy the reputation he has as a doctor among the peasants, except Faust knows the reputation is a sham. He and his father were in truth helpless against the ravages of the plague (although they obviously at least comforted the sick).Fausts aspirations permit him to make a bargain with Mephistopheles, especially since a part of the bet involves Mephistopheles belief that Faust will eventually enjoy contentment. Rather than seeking knowledge, which had been a goal of the Faust of German and English tradition, Goethes Faust seeks work through and feeling. This also makes his quest apart of the Romantic tradition. The Romantic champ must approach lifes mysteries by active participation, not by reflection.When Faust and Mephistopheles see the witch for her medicine, what Faust necessitys is youth, so that he can screw what he may have missed while he was absorbed in his studies. And what he comes to want then is Margargont, the peasant maid who looks like a beauty to the revitalized man. The Romantic has spiritual goals, but theyre usually outside of conventional religions. We see this most directly in the scene surrounded by Gretchen and Faust. She wants him to be a Christian, but Fausts spirituality cannot be contained by dogma.To follow this Romantic thread, think of Christianity as a revealed religion, embraced by the European and German society of the time. It made many late eighteenths and early on nineteenth century people feel safe and secure. You can see how this picture of comfort top executive fall outside of the Romantics striving, since he seeks a mystery beyond the conventional. The Romantic hero must be willing to break free of bounds, no matter the consequences. Another key romantic characteristic is a faith in nature as a creative source, as both a source of comfort and energy.Faust expresses his enthusiasm early when he contrasts the value of experiencing nature with the deadness of books (685). What impresses him about Easter is the revitalizing force of spring rather than the story of Jesus (695-6). It is the exalted spirit of nature that he credits with allowing him to penetrate Gretchens heart, and that he credits with giving him the companion Mephistopheles 747-48 -48). Conclusion Besides a faith in nature, romantics idealize childhood and women, seeing in them a purity and honesty of emotions that are difficult to attain in the intellectual and adult worlds.This romanticism can be seen in Goethes plotting, as he has the church bell remind Faust of his childhood so that the character does not drill suicide early in the play. Also, the love affair with Gretchen leads to the dramas climax. References Faust Supplemented Study Guide Retrieved from World Wide mesh http//faculty. southwest. tn. edu/llipinski/ENGL2320T201/content/lesson18_handout. htm Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Faust, Publisher, Oxford University Press, 1998.

Herman Millar Inc. Essay Example for Free

Herman Millar Inc. EssayThe office piece of furniture manufacturing labor trade in the United States is very competitive since many companies offering similar products. Companies compete mainly on price, product and service quality, differentiation, design, speed of delivery and customer service. Firms compete within each market segment and are pressured by growing arguing from overseas fashionrs particularly from China and Vietnam. Six manufacturers-Steelcase, Herman Miller, Haworth, HNI, Kimball external and Knoll-account for approximately 60% of the U. S. office furniture market.The remainder of the market is captured by a large image of small and privately owned businesses that successfully supply the local communitys retail demand. The large number of live companies definitely shaped the landscape of the Chinese market competition. Furniture manufacturing industry concentration has augmentd in last couple of long time because many operators have g unmatched out o f business. Following the downturn of US economy, high unemployment rates, have created an intensely competitive environment for existing players faced with low margins and volatile enter be, many underperforming operators were forced to exit the market.However, as the economy will recover, demand for new office furniture is expected to increase, expanding the number of companies over the five years to 2016. In conclusion, the intensity of rivalry is moderately high. Although present-day(prenominal) concentration of the industry is a low, the trend of the industry is to become more competitive in future. This would strike the potential future profit of department store industry. Threat of new entrants The barrier to entry in this industry are medium and are steady. In the US office furniture industry, the capital need to enter the industry is considerably higher.New operators entering the industry face various challenges, including existing and rise up established distribution networks among operators and suppliers. To remain price competitive, the new operators need to establish coc listed supply relationships with manufacturers and wholesalers in order to secure good quality and low-priced stock. Since the concentration is expected to rise, it places an indirect pressure on new entrants that need to invest more in advertising to develop brand and market awareness. merchandising and promotional activity moldiness exceed that of the existing players to build customer awareness and overcome retail merchant resistance.Furthermore, the productivity difference between the small-sized companies and the large-sized companies is very large. The combination of all this evidence indicates that the entrant barrier into the US office furniture industry is relatively high. Bargaining power of Supplier The intense internal competition force for resources among the large number of manufacturers pushed the bargaining power of suppliers to the most significant influen ce on internal furniture industry. This refers primarily to suppliers of most important goods i. e. raw material and electric power, which are used in intermediary consumption during furniture manufacture.Purchases of raw materials are the largest expense for the Office Furniture Manufacturing industry, accounting for or so 43. 7% of industry revenue. This proportion is typical for manufacturing industries, since operators require significant raw materials to produce final outputs. infix materials used for office furniture include hardwood, such as oak, cherry and maple wood plywood and veneers vane glass plastic and glue. During the five years to 2011, the prices of these inputs have been volatile, making it difficult for manufacturers to anticipate future spend and reduce costs.In general, rising commodity prices have negatively affected the industry, increasing purchase costs for manufacturers. Bargaining power of buyers According to the research of IBIS World, department st ore sales depend heavily on the financial health of the consumer sector, including per capita disposable income. During periods of economic recession and decreasing income of people, consumers cut their spending by delaying purchases or substituting brands products with lower level products. This is heavily influenced by the unemployment rate and general economic growth.In the periods of strong economic activity peoples disposable income increase, and vice versa. Threat of substitutes Furniture has been used for thousands of years and built mostly of wood. There is little evidence indicating that wood furniture will be solely replaced by some other material in the foreseeable future. In the industry of furniture manufacture probability of substitutes is almost impossible. Current global trends have a favorable influence on increase in demand for furniture, due to ever faster obsolescence and shorter furniture lifetime, i. . due to frequent changes in design and manufacture technolo gy. Possible threat of trend changes exists, i. e. furniture made from other materials than wood, that is, various metals, plastics and glass. However, despite the decline of wood in furniture manufacture in the past years, wood is expected to stay one of the most important raw materials for furniture manufacture, because of its advantages when compared with other materials. inquire What are the driving forces and the key success factors in the industry?Answer Having contacts within key markets It is preferable that manufacturers have established links with a number of customers, including wholesalers, contractors and retail outlets, rather than having one or two that account for the majority of their business. Guaranteed supply of key inputs Established links with key suppliers enable a steady flow of key inputs and price locks, which may provide cost savings for bulk purchases. Flexible production processes Furniture items are often custom-made.Producers must be able to adjust products to suit individual requirements. Adapting to changing customer preferences Goods produced should reflect current trends favour by consumers in order to remain competitive. Highly trained workforce Staff is required to pick office furniture efficiently and provide quality workmanship. Question How have the societys value shaped its strategy and approach to strategy execution? Provide illustrations of how these values are reflected in lodge policies. AnswerQuestion What is Millers strategy? Which of the five generic competitive strategies most well-nigh fit the competitive approach that Miller is taking? What type of competitive advantage is Miller laborious to achieve? Answer They focus on a growth strategy, through innovative products and production processes. Reinvention and renewal. They survived the huge Depression and multiple recessions, recovered from the dot-com bust and were able to continue expanding overseas. They adapted to save the company, by introducing new designs.In 1996, Herman Miller began an aggressive drive to reinvent its operations and established a procreative relationship with the Toyota Supplier Support Center. Unique to the office furniture industry, the relationship enabled the company to adopt and see world-class, lean manufacturing processes based on the Toyota Production System principles. Through the Herman Miller Production System (HMPS), the company dramatically reduced manufacturing square footage and inventories, cut lead times for standard product from 8 weeks Question What is your overall appraisal of Millers financial performance? Answer

Theories of Management Essay Example for Free

Theories of trouble EssayManagers atomic number 18 responsible for legion(predicate) things in an organization and well-nigh of them handle various situations depending on their vigilance style. The major role of mangers is to get things make in the boot of their goals for the organization (http//www.thinkingmanagers.com). The management style on the other hand is the leadership method employed by a manger. There are four management styles norm all toldy used by managers these are requireing, participating, delegate and guiding (http www.solhaam.org).The style that a manager provide use determines whether the clobber gets done or not. roaring mangers ware the capacity to use all the management styles on their group. The situation in which the group is in always determines the management style in which the manager uses to make his/her group strike their objectives. However, there is a style that is dominant in a manger and it might be hereditary or acquired with e ducation or experience. Most managers learn the management styles from the theories of management. The 20th century has seen theories changing over magazine starting with bureaucracy and universalism of before 1920s, human relations of 1930s and motivation of 1950s. All these theories had one common thing and that is to make employers puddle whether through the use of authoritarian, participative, guiding and delegating and all had advantages and disadvantages and hence theorists are still finding the most effective one to be used by modern managers.Douglas McGregor proposes twain theories, which emphasizes on employee motivation. He did not use description to identify but rather used symbols X and Y. These two theories suggest that the role of management is assembling the factors of production, which includes people, for the economic benefit of the organization (http www.accel-team.com). In this try out scheme Y is discussed in detail and its implications analyzed. McGregor in his possibility Y believes that employees can only be motivated best by improving their self-esteem and self-actualization. He generalizes that work can be as natural as play or rest and believes that workers can be made to enjoy work as they enjoy play and rest. He also believes that if people become committed to their objectives they can direct themselves towards meeting these objectives and this assumptions is echoed by many managers who believe that if they make their group members committed they can perform their tasks with precise minimal guidance. McGregor further says that workers can be committed to their objectives if there are rewards such as higher(prenominal) pay or promotions. This is very time in many organizations and this has led many firms introduce the cultivation promotion by performance and hence employees always take their work very serious since they be that there are benefits in return. In fact, the reward system is a major motivation for many employees si nce it leads to self-fulfillment. He further beliefs that if employee are motivated they bequeath definitely be responsible and responsibility will lead an organization to higher heights of development. Theory Y assumes that there is an opportunity to align in the flesh(predicate) goals with organizational goals using the workers own aspirations for self-fulfillment as the motivator. McGregor further believes that some employees may be unvaned and therefore there is need for stricter rules, which should be relaxed gradually as they continue to mature and therefore theory Y encompasses autocratic as well as participative approaches in management.Management implications of theory Y. Like all other theories of management used by mangers, theory Y has some demands from the organization in hallow to motivate the employees these areDecentralization and delegation- for organization to motivate its employees it must devolve power to the employees and hence the managers will have subordi nates who are directly responsible to the manager and the manager delegates some duties to them. The delegation of responsibility makes them assured and hence motivated.Job enlargement this theory suggests that firms broadens the working area of an employee so that there is a sorting of new opportunities and responsibility and this boosts the ego of employees and thus getting committed to company goals.Participative management since theory Y believes that in a population there are many creative ideas, some organizations who employ this theory consult their employees before making decisions this makes the employees feel important and accepted and hence motivated.Performance appraisals most organizations have set goals and struggle to contact them. These organizations involve their employees in setting these goals and also involve them in evaluating of rise towards meeting the goals. Many managers echo McGregor views since it embraces a holistic approach the uses of different m anagement styles depending on the offer of the group. This theory Y is the basis of my management style since I believe that management is getting things done by others with or without your presence. By making the employees happy a manager will ease his/her work since they will direct themselves and perform the tasks allocated to them and only ask for guidance whenever they encounter a crisis.Conclusion Management unlike leadership depends on the culture of the institution and the perception and beliefs of the manager (http//www.solhaam.org). For one to succeed in managing a group he/she must be flexible according to the situation at hand. A manger must recognize the potentials of his/her employees and strive to tap their talent to the maximum in order to achieve their goals. By consulting and involving as well as delegating responsibilities to junior members managers will help motivate them since this builds the reliance of the employees.All the management theories and principles of the 20th century revolve around motivating employees in order to achieve the set goals. These theories further suggest that the style of management employed by most managers determine the phase of participation by the employees. Their style can either motivate or the employees or become a disincentive to them and hence management theories and management styles are synergistic.ReferencesBono E. Hellers R. Management Theories Retrieved on 14th September 2007 from http//www.thinkingmanagers.com/management/effective-management.phpDavidmann M.2006 Style of Management and Leadership Retrieved on 14th September 2007 from http www.solhaam.org/articles/clm2.html McGregor D. 2007 Human Relations Contributors Theory X and Theory Y Retrieved on 14th September 2007 from http//www.accel-team.com/human_relations/hrels_03_mcgregor.html

Work Now, Play Later Essay Example for Free

Work Now, cheer Later EssayThere falls a time in heart where one is forced to give hard finiss. Among those hard decisions are those of choosing between your personal and public life. As a freshman in college now, Ive come to the realization of choices I make up to make. I find myself having moments where Im meet by my peers who love to party, drink, and smoke and Im completely uninterested. Though these choices are considered immoral cosmos the age that I am, this is what Im choosing in order to build a brighter hereafter for myself. In the reading provided Mr. Rat, the main character Matt had to make the choice of potentially losing his job or practical application for a friend in a mutual work place. Matt chose to only face by throwing his friend downstairs the bus. While Matt and I decisions on choosing our public life versus our public life are similar because the idea itself is considered immoral, our motivation for our actions differ.Having to l fetch to take of myself at an adolescent stage in my life has taught me that nothing comes easy and time is money. College wasnt promised to me. I worked hours on end on scholarships and essays to own my foot in the door. I have a clearer understanding of my purpose here and my priorities are shortly unmovable. I make the choice to continue to focus on school and purse my career preferably going break and building my social circle. Friends come and go. I very well whitethorn set down a couple of them but they arent going to help dig me out of my financial jamming when Im in debt. As of right now, friends are not a priority. Having this type of brainpower at 18 years gaga is not morally acceptable because its expected that I party and not be as maturate. The general idea of choosing my public life over my friends is how I feel I connect to Matt in Mr. Rat. Society feels you should cherish your friendships so our actions are as frowned upon based upon what society feels our value system sh ould be, despite the circumstance.Though Matt was in a incorporate environment, he was also put in a place where his future was brought into perspective and made him come up in the long run what mattered most. On the other hand, being only 18 years old and devising such a decision under pressure in college is how Matt and I differ. Matt, in his late 20s, is making this decision at work because he felt he was making a point and depicting a certain image to impress his boss. His friend was thrown under the bus in the process and could very well lose his job. In doing this, it shows how our motivations were also completely opposite. I simply realized I dont have time to waste. I came here to earn my degree and to work in order to continue to support and provide for myself. I, personally, am not jeopardizing whatsoever of my friends futures to lounge around what I want.Peer pressure is at its best when friends express how I should frustrate out more and dont need to be so uptight astir(predicate) everything right now. My mature mind set to stand my ground and focus despite my various distractions is all that I have to motivate me. Every choice followed by an action has a consequence. Matts choice to save his ass over his friends could lead to regret and loneliness in the future. The only gray area about my decision is the outcome in the long run. For right now, I do have moments where I get the feeling regret and loneliness since no one is necessarily as serious about my future as I am. Ive learned to trust that my decision will pay off and Ill eventually be glad when I come out on top.Friends will also come later. I just havent gotten there just yet. Though my choice is just as equally immoral as Matts, I do feel I had a break out grasp on the concept because of my circumstance. I dont feel choosing your public life to get over on a friend is right. His ego played a part in his decision and thats not acceptable all the time. Matt could have very well side stepped the promontory or worked his way around it. Deciding to automatically drop his friend for greed is selfish. My ego may also play a part in my decision but its not busybodied with anyone elses life. Its to earn self-accomplishment and success. Societys views on my decision arent considered either because they wont be there when I chose to be moral and fell on my ass.

Assess the idea that globalisation leads Essay Example for Free

tax the idea that globalisation leads EssayGlobalisation leads to transnational organisations such as the European Union and the coupled Nations. Also transnational companies such as Nike. Globalisation also leads to the developments in new technologies such as internet, fibre optics, and jet planes, this means there can be an instant link between mavin person searching on the internet ab divulge one specific culture and finding out everything they need to know whereas before this was non possible.This leads to the relativity of truth, the decline in Meta narratives and also mass tourism. These transnational companies such as Nike, Ford, Enron etc all cause developments around the world due to the fact that they can bear upon around freely around the globe. This is called industrial migration. Big companies such as these move to places where labour is ratty and they build big, new developments such as city centres with big industrial buildings, and mines where they can ex ploit the local cultures.An example of this would be the kayapo, where they found that a gold mine was situated on their get rarify and so they group was therefore split in two as one group precious to bewray the gold to the big corporations and get wealth for it, whereas the other half did not want to sell their land to the foreigners and so the culture of the kayapo was washed-up and the industrial companies exploited the infixed kayapos for their surplus value.These developments also spread to places such as conservation parks such as in Peru where the sacred ground of the michu pichu was do into a world heritage site and so the michu pichus could not afford the entry price and so could not worship or pay their respect, even on a Sunday when the entry prices be taken away there is no silence and so they cannot pray still. Therefore this meant that the culture of the michu pichus has broken down and the main beliefs of their culture have been taken away from them and so leading to the slow eradication of that culture.A similar thing has happened in the safari parks in Botswana where bushmen where pushed off their lands unfairly to make style for rich upper class tourists who want to hunt big game. So the Bushmen who lived in peace treaty with the animals were forced to work for the safari park as rangers and guides for the tourists who pushed the native Australians off their land changing their culture from hunting watch gatherers to capitalistic workers.A similar thing has happened to ayers rock in Australia where for sixty thousand years the native aborigines paid their respect to the rock, where they believed that it is where the souls of their ancestors go after they die and the rock has been turned into another world heritage area where many tourists come to see and disrespect the rock by climbing all all over it. This has do it increasingly difficult for the aborigine people to pay their respect to their ancestors as there are many peop le around all the time and disrespecting it often.The masaai Mara where hired by the mayers to perform their native dances for the mayers regular guests. The Mayers founded the group to show the masaai in their traditional culture, houses, and dress ware, but were severely exploited by the Mayers for their surplus value as they were not paid properly instead were given food for thought and told that the food that they eat and the fact that they live in the Mayers residence was payment enough.The Mayers hired the masaai as the western tourists wanted to see firsthand the cultural beliefs, and also rituals in a traditional manner, even when it was their ancestors who had intentionally destroyed the culture of the masaai. The Mayers residence was closed down as the government thought that the Mayers were exploiting the masaai far too bad and so closed them down. The exploitation of the masaai is imperialism as the masaai people were hired as pretty much slaves and made to work for th e people who had taken away their culture in the first place but made the masaai men and women show their traditional dances and lifestyle.

The Cahokian civilization Essay Example for Free

The Cahokian civilization EssayThe Cahokian civilization, one of the largest Native American tribes, was indigenous to the Midwest. Cahokia is in addition known as the city history forgot. This complex and sophisticated society challenges the stereotypical beliefs of Native American as being native, ignorant savages. The Cahokian civilization provides the basis for political, economic, and social developments that changed the course of human history. ( Timothy Pauketat)after reading Timothy Pauketats keennessful essay, Cahokia A Pre-Columbian American City, I was intrigued by the Cahokias people and culture. This society quickly evolved from a village to an blow up city. The Cahokian complex architectural aspects include better homes, pyramids and plazas. Through expansion, their beliefs and customs were diffused into other civilizations. Due to warf be, galore(postnominal) complex advancements were designed to protect the central city. An elaborate 15, 000 log wall was b uilt to defend their city. The advanced Cahokian society was developed earlier to any European interaction.Having known very little about such a complex and elaborate civilization, I was intrigued by many of the Cahokian developments and beliefs. Their centralized authority, the nature and the extent of their influence over vast areas, are aspects of many other European civilizations. This essay challenged many of my prior ideas and beliefs about the Native Americans.The city proviso and the organization of the city of Cahokia resembled the city of ancient Rome. The Cahokian civilization used the method of Cahokianization to expand and spread their ideologies throughout their territory. Similarly, the ancient Romans used the method of Romanization to expand and spread their empire. Both societies developed and utilized similar phalanx tactics and strategies. Under the rule of Constantine I, the Romans built a wall to protect their city from invaders, the Cahokians built a wall ma de of logs for protection. These two distant civilizations demonstrated similar ideologies and strategies.I have gained more insight and knowledge after reading Timothy Pauketats essay on the intricate city of Cahokia. It is bewilder that such a complex society that had lasted for about 250 years just vanished. Many archeologists have unlike ideas on the collapse and disappearance of Cahokia. It is incomprehensible that such an elaborate society vanished and is forgotten in many history books.The civilization of Cahokia was advanced, complex and sophisticated. This innovative tribe challenges the European ideologies of viewing Native Americans as primitive and ignorant. This civilization provided the economic, social and political standards that was implemented in other civilizations.

Study On The Salem Witchcraft Crisis History Essay

Study On The Salem witchcraft Crisis History EssayThe Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692 represents a low point in the history of colonial in the raw England. There have a variety of interpretations crafted in an effort to explain the rise of this consummation of crisis. Some interpretations blame ergot poisoning or an outbreak of encephalitis as the primary causes of the SajgmJWitchcraft Crisis.1 Other historians have argued that it was the social and political discordance among the men of Salem that engineered the rise of the Salem witchcraft calamity.2 Mary Beth Norton, in her bat In The Devils Snare, offers a significant departure from the current historiography of the Salem witch craft crisis. Norton argues that the Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692 can altogether be understood by examining the military conflict between the English settlers and the New England Native Americans which occurred for the break up part of two decades. The author is quick to note that the military co nflicts did not cause the crisis that befell Salem rather, these conflicts created the dower that enabled the events in Salem to develop as quickly and as completely as they did.4In evolution her thesis, Norton presents her interpretation in a chronological fashion focusing primarily on the events swirling out of pieceoeuvre in Essex County, Massachusetts in the early 1690s.5 Not only does Norton make the consociate between the turn up military conflicts of the settlers and the natives with the ongoing witchcraft crisis, she also discusses a myriad of other topics. Norton through the course of her work examines the change of the Salem Witchcraft Crisis over time, the unique elements inherent to the Salem Witchcraft Crisis, and she also provides an historical look at the runner and second Indian wars.6 In order for Norton to engage in an nimble discourse of these aforementioned topics she uses a generous amount of journal articles, secondary source materials, and primary sou rces. She draws upon such secondary source works as Salem-Village Witchcraft, and A Quest For Security The Life of Samuel Paris The1 Mary Beth Norton, In The Devils Snare (New York Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), p.4.2 Norton, Devils Snare, p.4.J Norton, Devils Snare, pp.5,12.4 Norton, Devils Snare, p.298.5 Norton, Devils Snare, p.7.6 Norton, Devils Snare, pp.6,8,11.Sermon notebook of Samuel Paris, 1689-1694, and Cotton Mathers Wonders Of The Invisible World are among the primary source materials that are used by Norton. By understanding Nortons thesis, viewing the various topics addressed in this work, and the sources used to construct this interpretation one essential consider the main points Norton brings up in support of her thesis.The lives of two New England women, and a household hard worker were irrevocably altered on February 25, 1692. Upon that very day Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, and a buckle down named Tituba were accused of being lay eyes on to Satan, and in his employ as witches. Of the trine women that were accused of witchcraft, Norton argues, it is the charges against Tituba that are the most significant.7 The racial identity of Tituba, Norton notes, compete a decisive role in her joining both Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne among the first of the accused. Historians have debated as to whether Tituba was an African or even a half-African slave, but Norton explains that in the surviving records related to this event villagers ordinarily referred to Tituba as Tituba Indian or theoIndian woman. This racial connection between Tituba, as an Indian, displace her within a similar vein of hatred that was solely reserved for the New England Native Americans by the settlers of Essex County, and ultimately elsewhere in the New England colonies.9 Norton notes the significant timing of this accusation of witchcraft against an Indian slaveLess than a month after the devastating raid on York and following more than three years of unrelenting frontier warfare. . .the first person identified as a witch in the crisis of 1692 was someone known to all primarily as an Indian. . . .The accusers thus named a woman with whom they were intimately acquainted, and who could be pull inn as representing the people who were then tormenting New England as a whole.10The accusation of Tituba was to send in doing a calamity, Norton argues, that was to be inextricably linked with the violence between the English settlers and the New England Native Americans.117 Norton, Devils Snare, p.21.8 Norton, Devils Snare, p.21.9 Norton, Devils Snare, p.21.10 Norton, Devils Snare, p.21.11 Norton, Devils Snare, p.21.The accusation brought against the Indian slave Tituba unleashed a torrent of witchcraft accusations throughout Essex County. Another woman, Martha Corey, was accused on establish 18,1692. Corey, through the course of her examination on March 21, was to further link the witchcraft crisis in Essex County to the ongoing violence with the Native Americans. M artha Coreys examination added the figure of the religious black man.12 The spectral black man was witnessed by one Coreys accusers, Abigail Williams, who stated, There is a black man whispering in Martha Coreys ear.1 Norton explains that the term black man was generally employed interchangeably with Indian during this period in New England, as a means of addressing the native people of New England.14 It is Cotton Mather in his work Wonders of the Invisible World who makes the connection absolutely explicit, The Black Man. . .they the confessing witches and accusers generally say he resembles an Indian.15 It is nonchalantly remarked by Norton that such an association between Indians this black man and Satan would not have been affect to the residents of Essex CountyEnglish settlers. . .had long regarded North Americas indigenous residents as devil worshippers. . . .Puritan New Englanders. . .were particularly inclined to see themselves as antagonists of the devilish Indians.1Marth a Coreys fraternization with a spectral black man implied a direct hamper between Satan and the Native Americans of New England.17 The frequent references by confessors and those afflicted by witchcraft proven to establish an illicit connection between the witchcraft crisis of Salem and the ongoing military conflicts with Native Americans.The link between the witchcraft crisis and the military conflicts between the18Native Americans was made absolutely blank by the confession of Abigail Hobbs. On April 19, 1692 Abigail Hobbs confessed. Through the course of her examination, Hobbs12 Norton, Devils Snare, p.58. lj Norton, Devils Snare, p.58.14 Norton, Devils Snare, p.58.15 Norton, Devils Snare, pp.58-59.16 Norton, Devils Snare, p.59.17 Norton, Devils Snare, p.59.18 Norton, Devils Snare, p.81.admitted to having met the devil on the Maine frontier in 1688.iy During her time in Maine Hobbs stated that she encountered the devil in the woods near her home in Falmouth, Maine, which was o ne of the main areas attacked by the Native Americans in both the first and second Indian wars.20 To any who were present at this examination on April 19 the connection was clear Satan and their Native American nemesis were aligned in a covenant to utterly demolish the goodly Christians of New England.Abigail Hobbs confession of having secured a pact with Satan in the woods ofFalmouth. Maine left the residents of Essex County emotionally and spiritually shaken.Norton notes two specific events that demonstrate how deeply ingrained this connection between Satan and the New England Native Americans was in the collective psyche ofthe colonistIn mid July of 1692 the port town of Gloucester many an(prenominal) residents were convinced that their beloved town would soon be descended upon by the natives and their detested French allies. The Babson family was among the first to sample ominous sounds around their home almost every night in mid July. Ebenezer Babson and his family reported forever and a day heard, at night, men fleeing into the shadows discussing a plot to invade Gloucester. Norton explains that Ebenezer at one point thought, that he aphorism two Frenchmen. . .and at other times, he and others believed they spotted Indians.23 After these encounters for a period of two weeks the reserves of Gloucester had occasional encounters with spectral assailants who seemed to melt into the shadowy confines of the Gloucester wood. On July 18, with the injection of some sixty militia men from Ipswich and after another week of sightings, caused the people to conclude that their shadowy tormentors were only figments of their imagination.24 This incident of a large scale case mass hysteria clearly shows the extent of the fear caused by the new connection between the witchcraft crisis and the conflict with the Native Americans in New England.19 Norton, Devils Snare, p.81.20 Norton, Devils Snare, p.81.21 Norton, Devils Snare, p.297.22 Norton, Devils Snare, p.232-233. 23 Norton, Devils Snare, p.232.24 Norton, Devils Snare, p.232.

Communicative Language Teaching: The Origins

Communicative Language breeding The OriginsThis chapter is devoted to the CLT approach, its origins and major(ip) features. Also the chapter sheds the light on grammar, how it is handled in diction didactics, the way it is defined and lastly, and by chance most importantly, its role in CLT.3.1 Communicative Language dogmaCLT is an approach to the didactics of second and immaterial voice confabulations that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of breeding a expression. It is similarly referred to as communicatory approach to the educational activity of foreign oral communications or simply the communicatory approach.3.1.1 The OriginsEducators such as Richards and Rodgers, Savignon, and Sano give in that the origins of communicatory oral communication pedagogy argon umteen, in so far as one teaching methodology tends to influence the next.Sano (1984171) says that the communicatory approach could be said to be the product of educators and linguists who had grown dissatisfy with the audio-lingual and grammar-translation method of foreign voice communication instruction. Richards and Rodgers (198693), on the other hand, claim that the origins of CLT be to be frame in the changes of situational linguistic process teaching approaches, which influenced the British run-in teaching tradition till the new-made 1960s.29Meanwhile, Savignon (1991262) asserts that the emergence of CLT sewer be traced to concurrent developments on both sides of the Atlantic, i.e., in Europe and the United States.Educators and linguists e.g., Candlin (1981 121) and Widdowson (1978 61) saw the indispensableness to focus in phrase teaching on communicative proficiency earlier than on mere mastery of structures. They felt up that students were non teaching enough true(a)istic, whole language in those methods, i.e., situational language teaching, audio-lingual or grammar-translation method. Students did non know how to communicate usi ng appropriate complaisant languages, gestures, or expressions in brief, they were at loss to communicate in the cultures of the language studied.In respect of this point, Widdowson remarks the followingThe problem is that students, and oddly students in developingcountries, who have received several years of formal slopeteaching, frequently roost deficient in the ability to actually mappingthe language, and to understand its lend oneself, in normal communication,whether in verbalise or written mode (197215).Similarly, Howatt says that the original motivation for adopting a communicative approach in the betimes s reckon downties was remedial, an attempt to overcome the inadequacies of existing, morphologic syllab accustoms, materials, and methods (1984287).To put simply, the rapid application of these ideas by textbook writers and the equally rapid acceptance of these new principles by British language teaching specialists, curriculum development centers, and rase gover nments gave prominence nationally and internationally to what came to be referred to as communicative approach. There was a positive reply from linguists, methodologists, and schoolroom instructors offering the best hope for the elaboration and diffusion of language teaching methods and materials that live, encourage and have got learners in the development of their communicative competency (Savignon, 1991 264).Although the movement began as largely British innovations focusing onalternative archetypeions of a syllabus since the mid 1970s, the scope ofcommunicative language teaching has expanded. Interest in and the development of communicative style teaching mushroomed in those yearsauthentic language use and classroom exchanges where students engaged in real communication with one another became quite popular. Also, numerous textbooks for teachers and teacher trainers refine on the nature of communicative approaches and offer techniques for varying ages and purposes (Brown , 1994 217).It is this socio-linguistic perspective, which is the unifying principle and the driving force fag end a communicative approach to language teaching (Sano, 1984 174) Although this socio-linguistic approach is basically a language possibleness rather than a culture system, taking into peak Richards and Rodgers definition of approach, CLT encompasses a theory of language and a theory of language learning, and see it as an approach than a method.Briefly, they define an approach as a differentiate of theories ab egress the nature of language and of language learning. It is axiomatic, as it craps a number of assumptions as a starting point. A method, on the other hand, is the level at which theory is put into practice and at which choices atomic number 18 profit about the particular skills to be taught, the heart to be taught, and the order in which the content will be presented. Besides, these writers claim, at the level of language theory, CLT has a rich, if wha teverwhat eclectic theoretical low (1986102).3.1.2 Language possible actionThe rise of interest in the individual and in relationships among individuals, which characterized the sixties, marked the emergence of socio-linguistics, that classify of science where sociology and linguistics meet. A new light was shed on language, not simply as a system of structurally related elements, which form a rule, hardly as a vehicle for the expression of meaning and social interaction. In other words, the structural imagine was supplemented with a running(a), a semantic and interactional view. It was this idea of language as communication that started off the whole communicative movement (Savignon, 1991 266).And it was Hymes (1972) that made history by challenging Chomskys view on linguistic competence, and replacing it by the notion of communicative competence (cited in Savignon, 1991 269).In the words of Canale and Swain (19807) communicative competence refers to the interaction amongst well-formed competence, or friendship of the rules of grammar, and socio-linguistic competence, or knowledge of the rules of language use. In other words, rules of use and rules of usage be balanceary and not mutually exclusive.According to them the primary goal of a communicative approach essential be to facilitate the integration of these both types of knowledge for the learner (1980 25).Savignon notes that communicative competence characterizes the ability of language learners to interact with other speakers to make meaning, and it is relative, not absolute, and depends on the cooperation of all the participants involved (19839). Broadly speaking, communicative competence is an saying convey and interpret messages and to negotiate meanings inter soulally within specific contexts.According to the socio-linguistic theory, the act of communication is seen not as basically an exchange of linguistic messages, alone rather as a social phenomenon in which the use of language pl ays a part. In the field of the ethnography of communication, which Stern (1983220) defines as the study of the individuals communicative activity in its social setting. language is a sub-ordinate, yet integrated part of social and situational systems, which are actually behavior patterns.Halliday argues the existence of a semantic network which is the linguistic realization of patterns of behavior. He postulates that the much we are suitable to relate the options in grammatical system to meaning potential in social contexts and behavioral settings, the more insight we shall gain into the nature of the language system (197844). In his functional account of language use, Halliday has criticized Chomskys linguistic, theory of competence. He says Linguistics is concerned with the description of speech acts or texts, since whole with the study of language in use are all the functions of language, and therefore all components of meaning, brought into focus (1970145). This view comp lements Hymes opinion of communicative competence, and we whoremonger only(prenominal) understand language if we view it as an instrument or as a communicative tool. To which Widdowson (197950) adds that once we accept the need to teach language as communication, we potful obviously no longer think of language in terms only of sentences. This statement provides the confession for the emphasis on discourse in CLT.3.1.3 Learning TheoryIn contrast to the center that has been written in CLT literature about communicative dimensions of language, little has been written about learning theory. However, two of the planetary learning theories, which emphasize common features among learners, are cognitive theory and skills theory.3.1.3.1 Cognitive TheoryAccording to cognitive theory, learning involves the ability to understand, to anticipate, and to relate new information to pre-existing mental structures. This focus on meaning(prenominal) learning is educed from an attempt to make se nse of the world.The heavy reliance of CLT practitioners on the mental schema theory is exemplified by Brumfits statement that new learning must be closely assimilated with what is already known, and if language is world learnt for use, then new learning must be directly associated with use (1979189).Hence, at the level of learning theory this view supports Hallidays claim about the semantic network as a bridge between linguistic form and behaviour pattern, a link between words and the world. As Stern (1983261) posits The learner must become a participant in a real-life context of language use as a condition of effective learning.Macdonough (198127) describes the cognitive process as hypothesis testing, and adds, signifi stooltly, that rules can only be found if the risk of error is run (ibid 29). This view is reflected in the great tolerance of CLT towards errors. Errors are not to be avoided at all cost they are not to be seen as evidence of non-learning, exclusively being an ex ternal manifestation of the continual revision of the inter-language system. They are essential elements in the learning process.3.1.3.2 Skills TheoryThis theory emphasizes the grandness of cognitive learning and practice. However, advocates of this theory reject mechanical practice altogether as being totally irrelevant to genuine learning. Skills theory links mental and behavioural aspects of performance by a hierarchically organized set of plans, in which low level of automation is necessary to bleak attention for high level of planning. In this regard, Littlewood states the followingThe cognitive aspect involves the internalization of plans forCreating appropriate behaviour. For language use, these plansderive in the main from the language system they include grammaticalrules, procedures for selecting vocabulary, and social conventionsgoverning speech. The behavioural aspect involves the automationof these plans so that they can be converted into fluent performancein real tim e. This occurs mainly through practice in convertingplans into performance(198474).Skill practice is considered as a legitimate learning principle (Richards and Rodgers 1986), provided that it offers natural options of language use which reproduce the kinds of choice that occur in spontaneous communication (Stern 1983260).3.1.4 Major FeaturesCLT is, relatively, a newly adapted approach in the area of foreign/second language teaching. CLT is a hybrid approach to language teaching, essentially progressive rather thantraditional. (Wright 2000 7).CLT can be seen to derive from a multidisciplinary perspective that includes, at to the lowest form, linguistics, psychology, philosophy, sociology and educational research (Savignon 1991271). It is generally pass judgment that, proponents of CLT see it as an approach, not a method (See Richards and Rodgers 1986 Savignon 1991 Brown 1994).For Brown, for instance, Communicative language teaching is a unified but broadly- based theoretical flu mmox about the nature of language and language learning and teaching(1994 244-245). He further maintains that though it is difficult to synthesize all of the various definitions that have been offered, the following four interconnected feature of speechs could be taken as a definition of CLT1. Classroom goals are focused on all of the components of communicativecompetence and not limit to grammatical or linguistic competence.2. Language teaching techniques are designed to engage learners in thepragmatic, authentic, functional use of language for significant purposes.Language forms are not the central focus but rather aspects of language that enable the learner to accomplish those purposes.3. Fluency and trueness are seen as complementary principles rudimentarycommunicative techniques. At times fluency may have to take on moreimportance than accuracy in order to keep learners meaningfully engaged in language use.4. In the communicative classroom, students ultimately have to use thelanguage, productively and receptively, in unrehearsed contexts (Brown, 1994 245).The communicative approach is a hazy purpose, which can have a variety of meanings along the continuum between a strong version and a weak one. Johnson (1979 155) argues that the weak version attempts to integratecommunicative activities into an existing computer programme, where as the strong version claims that language is acquired through communication.According to Howatt (1984 279) the weak version, which became more or less the standard practice in the late 70s and early 80s of the last century,stresses the importance of providing learners with opportunitiesto use their English for communicative purposes and, qualityally, attempts to integrate such activities into a widerprogram of language teaching. As for the strong version of communicative teachingit advances the claim that language is acquired throughcommunication, so that it is not merely a question of activating anexisting but inert kn owledge of the language, but of stimulating thedevelopment of the language system itself. If the former could bedescribed as learning to use English, the latter entails usingEnglish to learn it (ibid).Howatt adds that creating information gap activities, games, role-plays, dramas, simulations etc., are or so of the exercise types in the weak versions of CLT.Although we have different versions and various ways in which CLT is interpreted and applied, educators in the area, Richards and Rodgers (1986, 2001) Littlewood (1981) Finocchiaro and Brumfit (1983) Brumfit (1984) Candlin (1981) Widdowson (1978, 1979) Johnson and Morrow (1981) Larsen-Freeman (1986) Celce- Murcia (1991b) and Johnson (1982), put umteen of the major characteristics of CLT as they are presented in the following subsections.3.1.4.1 Emphasis on Language FunctionIt is felt that students need knowledge of the linguistic form, meaning andfunctions. However, CLT gives primary importance to the use or function of the la nguage and secondary importance to its structure or form (Larsen-Freeman 1986 88 Johnson 198263).This does not mean that knowledge of grammar is not essential for effective communication, rather systematic treatment of both functions and forms is vital. Stressing on this, Littlewood says one of the most characteristic features of communicative language teaching is that it expects systematic attention to functional as well as structural aspects of language (1981 1).CLT suggests that grammatical structure might better be subsumedunder various functional categorieswe pay considerably less attention to the overt presentation and discussion of grammatical rules than we traditionally did (Brown, 1994 245). Emphasis is also given to meaning (messages they are creating or task they are completing) rather than form (correctness of language and language structure). For Finocchiaro and Brumfit meaning is paramount (198391) since it helps the learners to manage the message they engage with the interlocutors.3.1.4.2 Fluency and AccuracyFluency and accuracy are seen as complementary principles underlyingcommunicative techniques (Brown, 1994245). However, at times fluency may have to take on more importance than accuracy because fluency andacceptable language is the primary goal (Finocchiaro and Brumfit 198393) and accuracy is judged not in the abstract but in contexts.Fluency is emphasized over accuracy in order to keep learners meaningfully engaged in language use. It is important, however, that fluency should never be encourage at the depreciate of clear, unambiguous, direct communication. And much more spontaneity is present in communicative classrooms (Brown, 1994 246)3.1.4.3 Teaching TechniquesLanguage teaching techniques are designed to engage learners in thepragmatic, authentic, functional use of language for meaningful purposes.Classrooms should provide opportunities for rehearsal of real-life situationsand provide opportunity for real communication. Emphasis on creative roleplays, simulations, dramas, games, projects, etc., is the major activities which can help the learner provide spontaneity and improvisation, not just repetition and drills. Another characteristic of the classroom process is the use of authentic materials because it is felt desirable to give students the opportunity to develop the strategies for taking into custody language as it is actually used by native speakers. In the classroom, everything is done with a communicative intent. Information gap, choice and feedback are notion to be truly communicative activities (Johnson and Morrow, 1981 25).3.1.4.4 Grammar TeachingGrammar can nonoperational be taught, but less systematically, in traditional ways along side more groundbreaking approaches. Savignon (20025) says for thedevelopment of communicative ability communication depends on grammar, research findings overwhelmingly support the integration of form-focused exercises with meaning-focused experience.Grammar is imp ortant and learners search to focus best on grammar when it relates to their communicative involve and experiences.Disregard of grammar will virtually guarantee dislocation in communication (Thompson, 1996 10).These writers also say that there are some misconceptions about CLT thatmakes difficult for many teachers to see clearly what is happening and toidentify the useful innovations that CLT has brought. One of the persistentmisconceptions is that CLT means not teaching grammar although theexclusion of explicit attention to grammar was never necessary part of CLT (ibid).In CLT involvement in communicative event is seen as central to language development, and this involvement inescapably requires attention to form (structure). In fact, it is sure as shooting understandable that there was a reaction against the heavy emphasis on structure at the expense of natural communication. Nonetheless, it would seem foolish to make mistakeson the side of using communicative approach merel y and totally disregard grammar teaching. Regarding this, Celce-Murcia commentsIn spite of the intuitive appeal and the anecdotal evidenceSupporting plan for exclusively communicative language teaching, there is equally appealing and anecdotal evidence that grammarless approach. can stretch out to the development of a broken, ungrammatical, pidgenized form of the cigaret language beyond which students rarely progress (1991a462).Savignon also remarks that, communicative language teaching does notnecessarily mean the rejection of familiar materials grammar(20027). Rivers in her famous statement strengthened Savignons remark in that Saying that we do not need to teach grammar is like saying that we can have a chicken walking around without bones (cited in Arnold, 1994 122). Nowadays, it seems that educators accept that an appropriate amount of class time should be devoted to grammar, but this does not mean a simple give back to a traditional treatment of rules. Rather the focus ha s now moved away from the teacher concealment to the learners discovering grammar (Thompson, 1996 11).3.1.4.5 Skills and ActivitiesCommunicative approach is not limited to oral skills. Reading and writing skills need to be unquestionable to promote pupils confidence in all four skills areas. Students work on all four skills from the beginning, i.e., a given activity might involve study, speaking, listening, and perhaps also writing (Celce-Murcia, 1991b 78).Of course, oral communication is seen to take place through negotiation between speaker(s) and listener(s) (most likely among students), so too is the interaction between the ref and writer, but with no immediate feedback from the reader. Hence, in the classroom, emphasis is given to oral and listening skills, as pass on time with language is important. It paves way for more fluid command of the language. Learners do not hear the teacher all the time, but having personal contact themselves, practicing sounds themselves, worki ng on the permutation of sentence patterns and getting incident to make mistakes and learn from doing so. The idea of emphasizing the oral skills pisss uncertainty among teachers. They misconceived CLT as if it were devoted to teaching only speaking. But, CLT is not exclusively concerned with face to face oral communication (Savignon, 20027).The principles of CLT apply equally to reading and writing activities that engage readers and writers in the interpretation, expression, and negotiation of meaning. In other words, it is important to recognize that it is not only the speaker (or writer) who is communicating. Instead, communication through language happens in both the written and spoken medium, and involves at least two people. Thompson (199613) further states that, though there is a complaint that CLT ignores written language, a glance at recent mainstream textbooks shows that reading and writing materials have been given attention too.3.1.4.6 Pair pasture and Group WorkStude nts regularly work in conventions or pairs to transfer (and if necessary tonegotiate) meaning in situations where one person has information that others lack (Celce-Murcia, 1991b 82). More emphasis should be given to industrious modes of learning such as pair or group work in problem-solving tasks in order to maximize the time dispense to each student for learning to negotiate meaning. Many people assume group/pair work is applicable in all contexts. However, classroom group and/or pair work should not be considered an essential feature used all the time, and may well be inappropriate in some contexts (ibid).Thompson (199612) and Savignon (2002 6) claim that group and/or pair work are flexible and useful techniques than that suggests, and they are active modes of learning which can help the learners to negotiate meaning and engage in problem-solving activities.The use of pair/group work is a physical signal of some degree of control and choice passing to the learners but that ne eds to be complemented by real choice (learners need to be given some degree of control over their learning). Therefore, the use of pair/group work needs to be complemented by real choice for the following reasons (1) they can provide the learners with a relatively safe opportunity to try out ideas before launching them in public (2)they can lead to more developed ideas, and therefore great confidence and more effective communication (3) they can also provide knowledge and skills which may complement those of their partners which in turn lead to greater success in undertaking tasks (Thompson, 199613).3.1.4.7 Errors and CorrectionErrors are seen as a natural outcome of the development of the communication skills and are therefore tolerated. Learners trying their best to use the language creatively and spontaneously are bound to make errors.Constant correction is unnecessary and even counter-productive. Correction noted by the teacher should be discreet. Let the students talk and exp ress themselves and the form of the language becomes secondary. If errors of form are tolerated and are seen as a natural outcome of the development of communication skills, students can have limited linguistic knowledge and still be successful communicators (Larsen-Freeman, 1986 121).3.1.4.8 EvaluationSano (1984 176) states that evaluation is carried out in terms of fluency and accuracy. Students who have the most control of the structures and vocabulary are not necessarily the best communicators. A teacher may use formal evaluation i.e., he/she is likely to use a communicative test, which is an integrative and has a real communicative function (e.g., Madsen, 1983 Hughes, 1989). Larsen-Freeman (1986 132) points out that the teacher can also informally evaluate his students performance in his role as an advisor or co-communicator. Savigonon, (1991 275 2002 4) reports that the communicative approach follows global, qualitative evaluation of learner achievement as opposed to quantita tive assessment of separate linguistic features.3.1.4.9 Native Language UseThe students native language has no role to play (Larsen Freeman, 1986 135). The target language is used both during communicative activities and for the purpose of classroom management. The students learn from these classroom management exchanges, and attend that the target language is a vehicle for communication. Whatever the case may be, the teacher should be able to use the target language fluently and appropriately (Celce-Murcia, 1991b 8). However, for others (e.g., Finocchiaro and Brumfit, 1983 98) judicious use of native language is accepted where feasible. Teachers may provide directions of homework, class work and test directions by using the native language.3.1.4.10 Teachers RoleThe teacher is the facilitator of students learning, manager of classroomactivities, advisor during activities and a co-communicator engaged in thecommunicative activity along with the students (Littlewood, 1981 9 Breen an d Candlin, 1980 90). But he does not always himself interact with students rather he acts as an independent participant. some other roles assumed for the teacher are needs analyst, counselor, researcher and learner. Students, on the other hand, are more amenable managers of their own learning. They are expected to interact with other people, all in the flesh, through pair and group work, or in the writings. They are communicators and actively engaged in negotiating meaning in trying to make themselves understood. They learn to communicate by communicating (Larsen-Freeman, 1986 142). Above all, since the teachers role is less dominant the teaching/learning process is student-centered rather than teacher-centered. In other words, it is the learner who plays a great role in a large proportion of the process of learning.3.2 Grammar and GrammarsYule (1996 87) states that each adult speaker of a language clearly has some type of mental grammar, that is, a form of internal linguistic kn owledge which operates in the production and perception of appropriately structured expressions in that language. This grammar is subconscious and is not the result of any teaching. A second, and quite different, concept of grammar involves what might be considered linguistic etiquette, that is, the identification of the proper or best structures to be used in a language. A third view of grammar involves the study and analysis of the structures found in a language, unremarkably with the aim of establishing a description of the grammar of English, for example, as distinct from the grammar of other languages.Linguists define grammar as a set of components phonetics (the production and perception of sounds), phonology (how sounds are combined), morphology (the study of forms, or how elements are combined to create words), syntax (how words are strung together into sentences), and semantics or meaning. Because all languages are characterized by these components, by definition, languag e does not exist without grammar (VanPatten, 1990288).However, grammar has not always been defined in these terms. Originally, the term grammar, grammatica, referred to the art of writing, as compared to rhetoric, rettorica, the art of speaking. As used today by many teachers and learners, grammar is loosely understood to be a set of rules that govern language, primarily its morphology and syntax. But morphology and syntax are only two components of grammar (Chamot Kupper, 1989 15).Actually the word grammar has been defined rather differently by various grammarians and dictionary writers. According to vitreous silica (2003207), grammar is systematic description of a language. Also, Widdowson describes that grammar is the name given to the knowledge of how words are adapted and consistent to form sentences (1988 147 cited in Shih-Chuan Chang, 2011 14). Still other definitions of the term specify the scope of grammar.In fact, grammar is multi-dimensional (Kennedy, 1987 165) and has multi-meanings. It is generally thought to be a set of rules for choosing words and putting words together to make sense. Every language has grammar. It has been held that if a language is a building, the words are bricks and the grammar is the architects plan. One may have a cardinal bricks, but do not make a building without a plan. Similarly, if a person knows a million English words, but he doesnt know how to put them together, then he cannot speak English (Karavas, 1996 189). In other words, grammar is a framework to describe languages.3.2.1 Grammar in Language TeachingThe role of grammar is perhaps one of the most controversial looses in language teaching. In the early parts of the twentieth century, grammar teaching formed an essential part of language instruction, so much that other aspects of language learning were either ignored or downplayed. The argument was that if one knew the grammatical rules of the language, he would be able to use it for communication. This conc ept was strongly challenged in the early 1970s (Ellis, 2006 90).Knowledge of the grammatical system of the language, it was argued, was but one of the many components which underlay the notion of communicative competence. To be considered a competent user of a language, one needs to know not only the rules of grammar, but also how the rules are used in real communication. During this period, grammar teaching became less prominent, and in some cases, was abandoned (Hudson, 1998 12).In recent years, grammar teaching has regained its rightful place in the language curriculum. People now agree that grammar is too important to be ignored, and that without a good knowledge of grammar, learners language development will be severely constrained.There is now a general consensus that the issue is not whether or not we should teach grammar. The issue now centers on questions such as, which grammar items do learners need most? How do we go about teaching grammar items in the most effective way? And are they best taught inductively or deductively? (Tomlinson, 1994 22).In fa