Assessing The Difference Between Crime And Defiance Criminology Essay

Assessing The Difference Between law- prison- expireing And Defiance Criminology Essay plague and distortion, is a major topic which affects roughlyly e genuinely party in todays world. When defining hatred and divergence, it will depend of the norms and values of a night club. umpteen societies induce many opposite values and norms. Norms of fraternity, is where all society members argon expected to conform to true behaviours. Values of a society, is where a society values well-nighthing which all society members conform to. For constituent model, many societies value authorized types of religion much(prenominal) as Christianity or Buddhism and many many other types of religion.Crime in society, is usually very specific, that it goes against the laws of society. populate who use offensive activitys, are breaking the law and if caught, must be penalise. People depose be punished for em effectting umbrages such as burglary, damage to volumes property, murder and assault. People who are appoint guilty of reachting abuses, must be punished by the solicits of law.Crime is a relative concept. This means that how a society views criminal acts, sens differ. outlaw acts in unmatched society, may non be seen as a criminal act in another society. Society may in any case differ in how to punish flock for committing specific criminal acts. (Broom and Selznick, 1963 p 540,541).When looking at crime in society, it is important to look at the physiological and psychological approaches in coition to crime. These approaches get hold of been criticised. Looking at the physiological approach, a biological speculation was carried out by Cesare Lombroso. Cesare Lombroso, assay to find out if in that respect was a connection between crime and biological causes. In 1876, Cesare Lombroso carried out research called LUomo run-downe.Cesare Lombroso (1835 1909), came up with the referion that criminals could be identified using definite nat ural characterisitics such as Brobdingnagian jaws, low foreheads and excessive body hair. Cesare Lombrosos work was dismissed, because the theory was only focus on the criminals, in prison. This theory failed to nurse into account, why some large be who have similar human attributes, are found throughout the world. The theory, failed to develop how certain physical human attributes distinguish criminals from lot who do not commit criminal activities. (Macionis and Plummer,1998. P207)The psychological approach suggests that criminal behaviour, could be explained collect to the respective(prenominal)s mental make up and processes such as personality, rather than the persons physical characteristics. Hans Eysenck, carried out research in Crime and personality in 1964.Hans Eysenck, suggested that it was come-at- able-bodied that certain personality traits that people have crowd out make certain people resistant to discipline than others.(Stephenson,1992. varlet 7). Hans Eysen ck excessively suggested that people with certain personality characteristics would be to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) likely to commit criminal behaviours.(Stephenson,1992. Page 7).Overall, using the physiological and psychological approach has been criticised as it does not take into account some factors such as exploring how conceptions of right and wrong initially rise,.(Macionis and Plummer,1998. P208).Deviance tramp be defined as behaviour which does not conform to certain norms of a specific society.(Haralambos Holborn,2008). Deviance bunghole be explained as a much than broader term than crime. It is not specific and aberrant behaviour may not be criminal.Deviant behaviour can be official and the behaviour can be rewarded. An example of positive deviant behaviour can be soldiers fighting for their country. They may be rewarded for their bravery and courage. Deviant behaviour can overly be negative. An example of negative dev iant behaviour may accept people who commit murder. This may go against the societys value of the worth of every individual and norms, resulting in severe punishment. Some deviant behaviour may be tole considerd in todays society. The behaviour is not punished or rewarded, by society members. (Haralambos Holborn,2008 P.321). some(prenominal) societies have certain same sex relationships and families, which would not have been accepted many years ago. They are not rewarded or punished, they are tolerated in the society.Laws of society can replace, which does depend on the norms and values of society members. As change can happen, crime and deviance can change as well.It is very difficult to give full definition of deviance, as on that point is no complete way. It is a broad area of research. Behaviour which was viewed as unacceptable and deviant, may be accepted in todays society or in the future. For example, in some cultures in the past it was considered deviant for women to poop and to wear make up in public places. Nowadays, women have more than than license to wear make up or to smoke in public places. Another example is homosexuality. Before 1969, it was illegal for men to have homosexual relations. As the laws changed in 1969, it was do legal that men over the age of twenty superstar could have homosexual relations.(Haralambos Holborn, 2008. P322). The famous writer, Oscar Wilde was captive for having an illegal relationship with Lord Alfred Douglas before the 1967 Sexual Offenses Act was passed. (Johnston,2002.)Deviance is culturally determined(Haralambos Holborn,2008. P322). This means that deviant behaviour can change out-of-pocket to unalike cultures or some societies may accept certain types of behaviours, whereas other societies may find the behaviour unacceptable. (Haralambos Holborn, 2008 p 322).The functionalist theory in relation to the topic crime and deviance is functionalists see society as a whole, using a macro aim appro ach. Functionalists focus on more on the sources of deviance in society, not how people commit deviant behaviour in a society. Functionalists suggest that crime and deviance can provide a a positive function in society. People may feel as part of a community and more part of a society. An example of this is when the Dunblane Tragedy occurred. This affected many people, which constitute more of a closeness in society. Emile Durkheim suggested that a certain level of crime and deviance is necessary, in order for a society to function. The crime and deviance levels may become dysfunctional if crime range increase. This can create a society whose affable order is disrupted, which can create affable chaos. If crime rank decrease, stagnation may occur where the society may not function properly. Robert Merton (1968) suggests that anomie, where people feel normlessness in a society, could happen if a society does not function properly. Emile Durkheim also suggested that some members of society, may rebel against societys norms and values. Some people may have different views on the norms and values of society.Functionalists also suggest the crime can throw employment for people in society. Functionalists suggest that without criminals, many people in the police force force, prison workers, court workers would not have employment.An example of a Functionalist theory on Crime and Deviance is Emile Durkheims study of felo-de-se(1897). Durkheim in the first place cogitate on suicide rates to see if there was any amicable conditions which could charm or discourage people from committing suicide.Emile Durkheim discover that suicide rates seemed to rise more during periods of political hardship during 1848, around different European countries. Emile Durkheim recognised that suicide rates baron be related to hearty stability and integration of society. victimization this theory, Emile Durkheim apply a different fixed of data, mainly from European countries. Observing the suicide rates in different European countries he noticed that they were comparably differences but began to notice a pattern. Most countries who practiced Protestant as their religion had the highest suicide rates than countries who mainly practiced Catholic as their religion. Main protestant countries had one hundred and ninety suicides per million people. These figures were compared to mixed protestant and catholic doctrine countries who had ninety six suicides per million people. Main catholic countries had fifty octette suicides per million people. Emile Durkheim began to wonder if there was a link between suicide and religion. Durkheim tried to look at other factors such as stinting and cultural differences. After looking at the suicide rates of Bavaria in Germany where mainly catholic people stayed there was a low derive of suicides. Emile Durkheim then looked at the suicide rates of Prussia where mainly people had a protestant faith. He noted that Prussia ha d a higher suicide rate than Bavaria. Emile Durkheim then conclude that religion is related to suicide. Using this theory and the instruction he collected before, he concluded that suicide can be due to Anomie. This means when a society is normlessness, where there is lack of social stability and integration. During political hardship, people may feel not a part of society and feel suicide is the only way out. Durkheim concluded that there is low suicide rates in Catholic countries because there was more social control and stability that the religion brings than the protestant countries. Durkheim concludes that social stability and integration acts as a protection for people in society from insecurity and suicide.To evaluate the Functionalist attitude on crime and deviance, is that the functionalist theory provides a macro level approach. It looks at the bigger picture, giving more insight into how a society structures relating to crime and deviance. It gives a better debate, reg arding how the biological theory relates to crime. Anomie, described in Robert Mertons theory (1968) gives more in judgment sociological thinking, into todays society.However, Emile Durkheim was criticised for using statistics that was unreliable in his study of suicide(1897). Durkheims statistics, were only used in Europe. No other countrys statistics was used, so the theory can not be related to other countries. The statistics did not disclose the helping of how the people committed suicide. umpteen deaths, were not ruled out as accidents or murder.As the functionalist perspective only looks at the macro level approach, it does not include how people are affected by crime, individually. Functionalists assume that crime, can bond communities together in society. Victims of crime, may withdraw from society or move outside(a) from society. The functionalist approach, does not take into account individual differences in society. Functionalists also suggests that crime and deviance to a certain extent, positively benefits everyone in society. red inks focuses on the capitalist system, but Marxists criticize that only some people in a certain group have only advantage. different groups can be disadvantaged. The functionalist approach does not take into consideration, that society may have different groups. The functionalist theory mainly focuses on that society, as one big group.Feminists suggest that some theories, conducted with malestream views will not be able to distinguish the connection between crime and gender. Feminists can start to expose a number of issues between women and crime. Feminists such as Otto Pollak, the masked distaff offender, suggests that official statistics in relation to gender and crime, can be misleading. This is because the majority of police officers, court judges are male orientated. Women tend to be more leniently charged with crimes, compared to men due to their role in society.Some feminists suggest the court laws can b e biased against women. Many men may be more bias, because of how a women can break traditional roles in society.Feminists such as Freda Adler(1975) suggests that because women have more freedom in society, this can cause an increase in how women can commit crimes. She suggests that this does not include the biological theory, that changes in society can change the way women behave.Pat Carlen(1988) suggests that because women have more freedom in society, that they do not have the opportunity to commit crimes. Carlen suggests that women can be more supervised by males, throughout their lives. Women, who usually have the traditional role of cleaning, house making, childcare duties will have less opportunity to commit crimes than males.An example of a Feminist theory, relating to crime and deviance is the study of Delinquent Girls(1981) by Anne Campbell. Anne Campbell carried out a study called delinquent girls in 1981. Anne Campbell suggested that more womans behaviour was becoming increasingly delinquent and in some cases, violent. Although, she argued that the changes in womens role in society, the womens movement was not a direct cause.Using primary research, Anne Campbell suggested that more young women were less prone to expressing their anger and aggression. They would more likely to keep it to themselves.Anne Campbell then suggested that a number of social and frugal reasons was the reason why so many women have equal rights in society. More womens freedom in contraception and employment did give women more freedom in society. Anne Campbell suggested that this leads to a reduction in sex-role disparity and a more active roles for girls in all activities-some of which many be delinquent. Anne Campbell, 1981Anne Campbell noticed that most of the female offenders, did not think that they had any freedom in their society. They opposed to being independent and career orientated, so they had no womens freedom in society( liberation).Anne Campbell then sugg ested that the rise in female delinquency, was due to the police attitudes towards young women and how the judicial systems perceives women in a society. She also looked at how women can be easily viewed by members of the public, fighting in public areas which showed an increase.As a conclusion, Anne Campbell concluded that the impact of freedom of women in society could not be directly related to crimes which women commit.To evaluate, that the feminist theory has raised more awareness of women in society. Changes in the law, where women have more equal rights. Crimes which mainly are affected by women such as rape or domestic abuse is dealt with more seriously with the police authorities. In society, women have more of a say in todays society. New laws such as the Equal Pay Act and the Sex Discrimination Act gives women more of a voice in todays society. It identifies more of an gender inequality, in crime and deviance.The feminist theory can focus too much on gender. Factors such as class and ethnicity are not included. Feminist studies such as Delinquent Girls(1981) by Anne Campbell more emphasizes on gender, Anne Campbell did not include class or ethnicity into the studies. Anne Campbell also used a small number of people which was suggested, did not represent other women in society.The feminist theory, also does not include the differences of women. They assume that all women have the same circumstances or characteristics in society, they do not look at individual differences. An example is the study of Delinquent Girls, where Anne Campbell did not individualize the people in the study.The Marxist approach is a conflict approach, which does not agree with the functionalist approach. Sociologists suggest that people who own production, have more power than the people in the feeling class(the working class). Marxists suggest there is a conflict in the capitalist system between the capitalists and the ruling class. Marxists also suggest that the laws made i n society, protect the capitalists which gives them more social control in society. William Chambliss (1976) suggests that some laws are not needed in society. He suggested that property, made the most income and the people who owns the property, would become resources of economy. He suggests that laws are made, to protect the interest of the capitalists. Marxists also suggest that crime is mostly seen as a problem, mostly in the working class. The ruling class(capitalists), are more likely to get away with crime, than the working class. The Capitalists have more influence in society, so they are most unlikely to get in trouble for crime.A Marxist perspective study was carried out by Laureen Snider in The Politics of corporate Crime(1993) suggests areas which have capitalism are most unlikely to introduce laws, which might not attract businesses. Capitalist states, use a lot of cash to invest in business. They are unlikely, to introduce laws which may discourage business.Laureen S nider also suggests that most of the serious crimes are corporate crimes, committed in current industrial countries. Laureen Snider, suggests that integrated crime is much more serious than path crime such as drugs. This is because more money is spent and more people are killed in corporate crime than street crime. For example, Laureen Snider suggests that an approximation of 20,000 people are killed because they were murdered. Laureen Snider then suggests that 14,000 people lost their lives due to industrial accidents, 30,000 people died from using consumer products which are usually illegal and unsafe to use. 100,000 people have died due to working conditions causing disease. Snider, suggests that corporate crime be more peoples lives than street crime.Snider also suggests that, people who commit corporate crime usually have lenient penalties or charges. There are very few corporate crime cases, which proceed to legal court.To evaluate, the Marxist perspective identifies that the Capitalists can be involved in crime, not rightful(prenominal) the ruling class using sociological studies such as The Politics of Corporate Crime(1993). Corporate crimes can affect people in society, not just street crimes. This is due to the statistics researched by Laureen Snider(1993). Highlights the inequality, that the ruling class faces towards crime and deviance in society, because they do not have as much power, influence as the Capitalists. Laureen Snider, suggests the idea that Capitalists are less likely to enter court proceedings for corporate crime shows how powerful Capitalists can be in society.The Marxist approach has been criticised for having a simple view on how power is divided between the capitalist societies. Some people suggest that capitalist societies does not always have increased levels of crime. Stephen Jones(2001) suggests that Switzerland, is a capitalist society which crime rates remain low. Whereas the Marxist approach mainly focuses on crime an d deviance, it relates to the conflict theory of the Capitalists and the ruling class.