The history of health care

Going back hundreds of years, we can trace the history of health care. Although it has evolved over the years, it all has a common goal; to heal those who are ill. Technology is one of the major evolutions and now plays a big role in the health care system. It helps patients to be more involved with their healthcare. They can make appointments, follow up on test results, and contact their doctors. Back then, they didn’t even have all the medicine we have now, let alone the technology. We can only imagine what is in store for the future. Health care involves so many different fields and so many different people; it is hard not to get interested in it. One thing that especially interests me is how much diseases and the treatment of them have changed. In the earlier centuries, epidemics like cholera and smallpox were sweeping across countries; now they are rarely heard of. Just over the course of about a hundred years, and most of the diseases that were killing thousands of people are now extinct. Another common killer back then could be something as simple as eating bad food. They did not have means of safeguarding food, so things like beef were not monitored. It is amazing to see how far they have come in advancing healthcare. There are many aspects of health care that intrigue me. I’ve always wanted to be a nurse; unfortunately it is very difficult to get into the program. However, if I ever go back to do that, I would want to either do labor and delivery or pediatrics. I have had the privilege of witnessing the birth of one of my nieces and it was the most amazing experience. To be a nurse and being a part of that on a daily basis would be awesome. I also have an extra soft spot for children, which is why pediatrics would also be of interest to me. Life threatening diseases do not only affect adults. I feel that being able to help children would only be helping our future. Since healthcare varies all around the world as far as quality and technology, it is safe to say that there are some positive and negatives based on the demographics. For example, those living in the United States are quite lucky as a whole; we have fairly advanced technology as far as surgery and medicine go. Our hospitals are good, and the doctors are well trained. It is less likely that wide spread epidemics will happen here because of the strict regulations on food and other important factors. Also, since we are modernized, we don’t have to really â€Å"rough it† like some do in third world countries. However, if we narrow it down a lot farther we will discover that there are negatives as well. People in more poverty stricken areas are more likely to have a not so nice hospital and probably not the best doctors. Different parts of the world will also have a different quality care just based on the resources available to them. Many people come to the US just for medical procedures that cannot be done in their country. In my opinion, age also plays a part in healthcare. It almost seems as though the older you get, the less they seem to care. I am not sure if it’s because they figure you are already on your way out and not worth the effort, but based on what I have seen with my grandparents, their quality of care is quite lower. There are many resources available to find more information on the history of health care. I believe the most common would be the internet. Since it has so many options available with just a click of the mouse, it is also the fastest. However, one should be careful about credibility on the internet. Medical journals or government sites are more likely to be accurate, rather than a blog or other online opinionated websites. Another way to do research would be the good old way, a printed resource. Although they are rarely used, medical journals or newspapers from a local library could be another way to get the information you would require about healthcare. Healthcare has changed in many ways, mostly for the good. Patients are more involved with their medical care. The use of the internet is becoming more prevalent, and does not show signs of slowing down. Medicine is evolving for the better and cures for many diseases may soon be on the horizon. With so many things happening at once we cannot forget where it all started and how it will evolve from now. The history of healthcare plays a role in all of this, if not only to remind us where it all began.

What action can the Commission take against the UK? Does the UK have any defences that it can rely on?

Introduction The European Commission is required to ensure that all Member States comply with EU law and thereby seek out any infringements that are taking place. If necessary, the Commission may bring an end to such infringements by commencing proceedings in the European Court of Justice (ECJ); Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen. Such proceedings are brought under Articles 258, 259 and 260 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) (previously Articles 226, 277 and 228 of the European Community (EC)). In the instant scenario, the Commission has decided to take action against the UK under Article 258 TFEU for failing to fulfill its obligations under the Treaty. This is being done on the grounds that the UK has failed to implement the new Directive (the Directive), adopted by the Council of Europe, that was to be implemented by all Member States by the 1 February 2014. Article 258 states; â€Å"If the Commission considers that a Member State had failed to fulfill an obligation under the Treaties, it shall deliver a reasoned opinion on the matter after giving the State concerned the opportunity to submit its observations†. The UK will therefore have an opportunity to raise any defenses within the time that has been specified by the Commission. If the UK fails to submit its observations, the Commission may then bring the matter before the ECJ as shown in Commission v United Kingdom. Here, it was held by the ECJ that; â€Å"assuming the Commission’s submissions are correct, it is not for the Court to give such an interpretation with the aim of correcting Article 2(1) of the Thirteenth Directive†. This case demonstrates that even if the Commission does take action against the UK, this does not mean that the ECJ will intervene. As pointed out by Haynes; â€Å"the Court has over the years been somewhat inconsistent in terms of the degree of interventionism in which it is prepared to engage in order to protect and p reserve the integrity of Community legislation and to iron out those inconsistencies that inevitably creep in.† Despite this, it is up to the Commission to decide whether infringement proceedings ought to be commenced; Alfons Lutticke GmbH v Commission. The Commission thus plays an important role in launching infringement proceedings against Member States and is capable of taking â€Å"whatever action it deems appropriate in response to either a complaint or indications of infringements which it detects itself.† An investigatory process will first be undertaken, which will then be followed by a letter of formal notice that will be served upon the Member State. Once a letter of formal notice has been served upon the Member State, where necessary, a referral to the ECJ will then be made. The procedure that has been established under Article 258 TFEU consists of two phases; pre-litigation and litigation. The intention of the pre-litigation phase is to provide a Member Stat e with the opportunity to comply with the Treaty requirements or provide a justification of its reasons for not doing so; Commision v France. Therefore, the Commission is capable of using the pre-litigation phase as a tool to persuade the UK to comply with the Directive. If the Commission is unsuccessful in persuading the UK to comply with the Directive, the pre-litigation phase will be used as a means of defining the subject-matter of the dispute; Joined Cases 142/80 and 143/80 Essevi and Salengo. It will then be up to the ECJ to determine whether the UK has breached its duties under the Treaty; Germany v Commission. In communicating with the UK on its infringement, it is likely that the Commission will use the EU Pilot that was established as a means of communication between the Commission and Member States. If the EU Pilot fails to resolve the dispute, the Commission may instigate infringement proceedings by giving the UK the opportunity to submit its observations. This is done b y issuing a letter of formal notice; Commission v Austria. The UK will consequently have the chance to submit its reasons for not implementing the Directive as shown in Commission v Portugal. Accordingly, it will thus be argued that there was pressure on parliamentary time and that the Directive will be implemented shortly. The UK will also be able to put forward its observations on Portugal’s non-implementation of the Directive and the fact that it is very early to bring an enforcement action against the UK. If the Commission does not agree with the UK’s response and the UK has not made any attempt to implement the Directive, the Commission may follow this up with a reasoned Opinion, which may then lead to an action before the ECJ; Commission v Germany. The Commission, in its reasoned Opinion, will set out the action it requires the UK to take in order to comply with the Directive and the reasons why it thinks the UK has failed to fulfil one of its Treaty obligations; Commission v Italy. Whilst the time limit that is to be laid down will be based upon a number of different factors, including the urgency of the matter, it is likely that the UK will have around 60 days to respond to the reasoned Opinion. This is intended to give the UK an opportunity to comply or put forward its right of defence as illustrated in Commission v Luxembourg. If the UK does not comply with the reasoned Opinion, the Commission will be capable of deciding whether the matter should be brought before the ECJ. The ECJ will not be concerned with the nature or seriousness of the infringement; Commission v Netherlands, but instead whether there has been a failure to fulfil obligations; Commission v Italy and the burden of proof will be on the Commission. Given that there has been a failure by the UK to fulfil its Treaty obligations under the new Directive, the ECJ will find that there has been an infringement. Although the UK may be able to put forward a defence that the Direc tive will be implemented shortly, it is doubtful that this will suffice as there is very little chances that defences to infringement are successful; Commission v Germany and Commission v Austria. Nor will the UK be able to argue that there has been pressure on Parliamentary time since it was evidenced in Commission v Spain that Member States may not plead that situations or practices existing in its internal legal order have caused the infringement as this will not justify a failure to comply with obligations under EU law. Nevertheless, in Commission v Italy Italy was able to rely on force majeure to justify non-compliance when it encountered temporary insuperable difficulties preventing it from compliance. Pressure on parliamentary time is not likely to be considered a temporary insuperable difficult. Furthermore, the fact that Portugal has failed to implement the Directive will be irrelevant as it was made clear in the Commission v France case that a Member State cannot rely on a possible infringement of the Treaties by another Member State to justify its own infringement. Since the UK has contended that it will implement the Directive shortly, it is likely that the principle of sincere loyalty (Article 4(3) TFEU) will apply. This principle demonstrates that Member States shall act in good faith by co-operating and providing the Commission will the relevant information it requests; Commission v Luxembourg. 2. Does Mr Steymann have any legal right to pursue the matter himself in EU Law? Mr Steymann will not be able to bring an action to the ECJ on the basis that his interests have been harmed by the UK’s failure to implement the Directive; Star Fruit Co. v Commission. However, he will have two options available to him. He can either make a complaint to the Commission, which might result in the Commission initiating proceedings under Article 258 TFEU, or he can bring proceedings in the UK courts under the principle of direct effect. Once a complaint is received by the Commission, a decision will then be made as to whether proceedings ought to be initiated against the UK. In making this decision, the Commission will insist on its discretionary power to determine whether it is worth commencing proceedings. In Commission v Greece a complaint was made to the Commission, which resulted in proceedings being commenced. The Commission, in its reasoned Opinion, established that there was an interest in bringing proceedings and the action was deemed admissible in so far as it concerned the subject matter of the dispute. EU law infringements may also be challenged before national courts, through the principle of direct effect. As such, Mr Steymann may be able to pursue the matter himself the UK courts he if can demonstrate that the Directive has direct effect and that there exists an appropriate remedy. Once the UK implements the Directive, Mr Steyman will most likely sell more gas boilers as he appears to be disadvantaged by the fact that the UK has failed to implement the new Directive. It will be more expensive to manufacture the equipment in the UK in compliance with EU law, which will prevent UK manufacturers from being able to sell the boilers at a much lower price. The principle of direct effect allows Member States to be challenged at national level by litigants seeking to rely on the direct effect of EU law. Mr Steymann will therefore be capable of taking advantage of the direct effect principle, which enables individuals to immediately invoke a European provision before a national or European court as highlighted in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen. As the consequence in the instant scenario is between an individual and the State, Mr Steymann will be able to invoke the European provision through vertical direct effect. For a Directive to have direct effect, nonetheless, the obligations must be clear, precise and unconditional. This was identified in Van Duyn v Home Office it was h eld by the Court of Justice that Article 3 (1) of the Residence and Public Policy, Security and Health Directive 54/221 was sufficiently precise to be capable of having direct effect, despite the fact that the scope of public policy and public security would require determination by the Court. Therefore, it is likely that the Directive on the environmental performance of gas boilers will be capable of having direct effect if it is shown to be clear and precise as enunciated in Defrenne v Sabena. It may also be deemed ‘unconditional’ on the basis that Member States are obliged to manufacture gas boilers in accordance with the provisions in the Directive; Van Gend en Loos v Administratie der Belastingen. However, if the Directive is subject to additional measures, then it will not be capable of having direct effect; Costa v ENEL. Overall, it seems as though the Commission has the ability to bring an end to the UK’s infringements of EU law by commencing proceedings in the European Court of Justice. As there has been a failure by the UK to fulfil its treaty obligations, it is likely that the Commission will be successful in taking action against the UK. Nevertheless, the UK will still be able to put forward a number of defences, though it is unlikely that these will prove to be a success. Since the UK has made it clear that the Directive will be implemented shortly, the principle of sincere loyalty will most likely apply. Mr Steymann also has a legal right to pursue the matter himself through the national courts under the principle of direct effect. Before doing so, however, it would be appropriate for him to make a complaint to the Commission as this could then lead to the initiation of proceedings. In bringing the action himself, Mr Steymann will be required to show that the Directive has direct effect and that there is an appropriate remedy available. Bibliography Books D Chalmers and G Davies. European Union Law: Cases and Materials, (London: Cambridge University Press, 2010). S Anderson. The Enforcement of EU Law: The Role of the European Commission, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). S Weatherill. Cases and Materials on EU Law, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). Journals EUR-Lex. ‘Document 12008E258’ (2008) [27 July, 2014]. Europa. ‘The Direct Effect of European Law’ (2010) [27 July, 2014]. European Commission. ‘Infringements of EU Law’ (2010) European Commission Application of EU Law, [27 July, 2014]. R Haynes. ‘Case C-582/08 Commission v United Kingdom’ (2010) De Voil Indirect Tax Intelligence, Volume 12 Issue 173. R Rawlings. ‘Engaged Elites: Citizen Action and Institutional Attitudes in Commission Enforcement’ (2006) European Law Journal, Volume 6, Issue 4, 447. R White and A Dashwood. ‘Enforcement Actions under Articles 169 and 170 EEC’ (1989) European Law Review, Volume 14, 388-389. S Enchelmaier. ‘Always at Your Service (Within Limits): The ECJ’s Case Law on Article 56 TFEU (2006-11)’ (2011) European Law Review, Volume 36, No 5, 623. Legislation Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) Case Law Alfons Lutticke GmbH v Commission Case 48/65, [1962] ECR 501 Commission v Austria Case 10/10, [2011] ECR I-5389 Commission v Austria Case 194/01, [2004] ECR I-4579 Commision v France Case 159/94, [1997] ECR I-5815, para 103 Commission v France Case 232/78, [1979] ECR 2729 Commission v Germany Case 191/95, [1998] ECR I-5449, para 44 Commission v Germany Case 74/91, [1992] ECR I-5437 Commission v Greece Case 240/86, [1988] ECR 1835 Commission v Italy Case 289/94, [1996] ECR I-4405, para 16 Commission v Italy Case 78/00, [2001] ECR I-8195, point 65 Commission v Italy Case 101/84, [1985] ECR 2629 Commission v Luxembourg Case 473-93, [1996] ECR I-3207, para 19 Commission v Luxembourg Case 490/09, [2005] ECR I-9811 Commission v Netherlands Case 359/93, [1995] ECR I-157, para 15 Commission v Portugal Case 20/09, [2011] ECR I-2637 Commission v Spain Case 195/02, [2004] ECR I-7857 Commission v United Kingdom Case C-582/08, (15 July, 2010) Costa v ENELCase 6/64 [1964] ECR 593 Defrenne v Sabena Case 43/75 1976 ECR 455 Germany v Commission T-258/06, [2010] ECR II-02027, para 153 Joined Cases 142/80 and 143/80 Essevi and Salengo [1981] ECR 1413, para 15 Star Fruit Co. v Commission Case 247/87, [1989] ECR 291 Van Duyn v Home Office Case 41/74 [1975] Ch 358 ECJ Van Gend en Loos v Administratie der Belastingen Case 26/62 [1963] ECR 1 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen Case 1953, [1953] ECR 1

Holes the Book and the Movie Essay

Holes, penned by Louis Sachar, relates the story of Stanley Yelnats who has been accused and then awarded imprisonment for stealing a pair of sneakers. Sent away to a correctional facility, Camp Green Lake, Yelnats discovers that the odd practice of making the children dig holes is not a form of punishment devised by the sadistic warden but actually a search for a missing treasure. It is, what Alleva (2003) calls it, â€Å"a refutation of nihilism, a rallying cry of free will and a tribute to the power of expiation. † The book was adapted for the silver screen in the year 2003 by Walt Disney Pictures and starred Shia LaBeouf. While watching the movie, I discovered that the director did a tremendous job of keeping the movie as close to the book in spirit as possible. The movie however, suffered from being too short and, as with all books transferred on to the big screen, had certain sections entirely missing. Many differences abound, most of them noticeable because of the makers’ need to fit a 250 page book in a 2 hour movie. In the book, the famous outlaw Kate Barlow, regarding whom much has been speculated, is shown to have returned to her house and lived there for a considerable period of time before she was discovered by the villainous Trout Walker. She is then subsequently tortured by him and his wife (Sachar, 2000, pp. 121-123). In the movie however, the camera simply shows her leaning helplessly against Sam’s (Dule Hill) boat that had been overturned when Trout Walker and his wife catch her and immediately demand money or the whereabouts of the treasure. Another noticeable difference was when throughout the book the treasure is alluded to have been stored inside a suitcase. However, in the movie it is shown as hidden inside a chest or trunk of sorts. This gave the treasure hunt a romantic touch and was more in keeping with conventional ideas associated with treasures. In addition, the central character of the story, Stanley, is shown to have lost weight by Sachar due to digging holes in the hot, barren camp. The actor, Shia LaBeouf, however does not undergo any weight loss. Works Cited

Heroin Addiction Leads to Mugging Research Proposal

Heroin Addiction Leads to Mugging - Research Proposal Example The topic for discussion in this paper is heroin addiction that leads to mugging. The components to be included in this research proposal are the sample that would consist of the people who have taken heroin at some point of their lives, the heroin rehabilitation centre patients and their relatives who would be surveyed for their experiences. The data collection method would consist of distributing questionnaires to understand the mindset of these people. The research design would consist of identifying the research problem, a review of the literature available associated with question stated earlier, stating the hypotheses which would signify the research question explicitly, describing the selected data that would be important for conducting the tests for the hypotheses, explanation of the procedure for obtaining the data, and a description of the research methods of analysis that would be applied on the available data in order to determine the true or the falsity of the research h ypothesis. Hypothesis- Heroin addiction leads to the social destruction of the individual by leading him to commit anti social activities like mugging Introduction Heroin is known globally to be an illegal form of drug that is also highly addictive drug. It is most used form of the opiates. Heroin is manufactured from morphine that is extracted from the seeds of some special varieties of the poppy plant. According to the census of 1998, the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse had estimated that around 2.4 million of the people had consumed heroin in their lives (Heroin Abuse and Addiction, 2000, p.1). One of the severest and long term effects of the drug is that it leads to an addiction which is very difficult to get rid of. The addiction acquires a chronic form that is characterized by the compulsive craving for the drug (Heroin Abuse and Addiction, 2000, p.3). Heroin abusers are found to spend more time, energy and money on obtaining the drug and using it. It harms the social well being of the person too. The addict soon runs out of money and indulges in criminal activities like extortion, mugging and killing people to gather money. The problem statement or the hypothesis in the paper will try to deduce the relation between illicit drug addiction and its antisocial consequence like mugging. This will be done by performing a regression analysis between the two variables. The regression equation can be written as: y = a + bx where y = dependent variable x = independent variable a = constant b = slope of the line The research statement is stated: illicit drug addiction leads to the social destruction of the individual by leading him to commit anti social activities like mugging. The hypothesis will be explained by taking two variable- independent variable i.e. illicit drug addiction (x) and a dependent variable (y) i.e. burglary, robbery and aggravated assaults according to the research topic and establishing the relation between the two variables. Thus, th e null (ho) and the alternative (h1) hypothesis can be stated as- ho : there is no significant co- relation between (illicit drug) addiction and antisocial incidents h1 : there is a significant co- relation between (illicit drug) addiction and antisocial incidents Literature review This section will review the literature available on heroin and robbery (mugging) incidents in places of Europe, Asia and Africa. In the report â€Å"The Effect of a Reduction in Heroin Supply in Australia upon Drug Distribution and Acquisitive

The Internet is having a negative effect on the quality of social life Essay

The Internet is having a negative effect on the quality of social life - Essay Example Culture refers to the arts, habits and customs that characterize a society’s way of life. Culture dictates a society’s way of life since it includes the values, behaviors and beliefs that a society considers acceptable. Before the development of the internet, most societies had independent cultures, which safeguarded their morality and ethics. Such encompassed the modes of dressing, religions, dietary and interactions among others. Any of such cultures sought to develop peaceful interaction among members of the society. They thus upheld decency of behavior and set out clear behavioral patterns in every group in the society. In short, most of the cultures developed peaceful societies. With the advent use of the internet, people have intensified interaction as the internet overcomes the physical and geographical barriers. This implies that people readily traded cultural values by abandoning those they consider retrogressive and adopting those, they consider better. (Nayar, 2010). In this respect, the internet has availed numerous sets of cultural features with negative consequences on the contemporary society. Among such features is the use of violence among the youth. The youth constitute the most active population on the internet. They interact on the numerous platforms especially the social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Additionally, the internet provides cheaper modes of entertainment through films and video games. Most of such modes of entertainment glorify violence, which often constitute the central theme. The users of the internet adopt most of these qualities thereby opting to violence as the most effective way of solving interpersonal dif ferences. Most people borrow dressing patterns from the internet often copying hose adorned by celebrities and established western designers. The two groups have turned culture into a product, which they manipulate and sell to their esteemed customers. The consumers of such cultural products on the other hand assimilate the products without questioning a feature that has progressively degenerated the societal norms and values of decency and privacy as more people continue to wear revealing clothes which the celebrities and designers claim fashionable. Attire in most societies has thus change and continues to portray sexuality that the celebrities and the designers have established through their increased market researches to sell better. Most clothes that the youth among other internet population wear thus portray sexuality often revealing some of the sexual features of humanity. Some even glorify in nudity. In the glorification of nudity and the conversion of every cultural feature into a commercial product, the internet community has successfully turned sex into commercial product a feature that has increased the infiltration of pornography into most modern day societies. Numerous cultures respected sex and the human nudity terming such as very private and confidential issues. Pornography is not just a social ill but also a criminal offense in most countries. However, producers of such contents prefer the internet since it offers them anonymity thereby perpetuating their

Take Home Exam on U.S. Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Take Home Exam on U.S. Economy - Essay Example As an economy deed it recognized that the whole nation drawing out from Mississippi Valley, Maine to Atlantic Ocean and Georgia was a common market. There were taxes or tariffs imposed on intestate commerce. The American constitution stipulated that the federal government was responsible in controlling trade with foreign nations and amid the states. Furthermore, the constitution too gave the government the power to set up uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and control its value, fix values of weight and measures (Fogel 100). The industrial growth of the United States, which first began in Europe between 18th and 19th century, also played a crucial role in the development of North America. By the time Abraham Lincoln was elected president, nearly 17 percent of the US populace lived in urban areas, and most of their income emanated from manufacturing. The up-and-coming North America was wrought by the territorial development of the United States. After the insurrection, the US integ rated only thirteen ex- British colonies in the Northeast and the Southeast (Stanley 24). Government involvement in the United States played a critical role in North America economic affairs. The early years of American history, nearly all political leaders were unwilling to include the federal government too deeply on the economic segment. ... The government engagement in business gained its momentum most importantly throughout the New Agreement of 1930s (Fogel 112). On the same length, all most all significant institutions and laws that distinct America’s today’s economy can be rooted to the New Agreement ear. New Agreement legislation prolonged federal power in agriculture, banking, and public sector. The legislation enacted laws which set up minimum standards for wages and how long one should work in a day. Plans and agencies that in our day appear essential to the operation of United States modern economy was produced. This on the whole acted as catalyst for the development of upper North America economy (Stanley 89). According to Fogel, as United States of America was expanding saw the population of Native Americans, and Africa Americans increase. These Native Americans included Asians, Mexicans and Cubans. United States assimilated these people into the society. Ideally, these group infiltrated America with new cultures and customs. As result, this lead to the development of upper North America social affairs which some have even been adapted. The Spanish cuisine was adopted by most American communities (140). According to Stanley, the relationship between United States and Canada has extended more than two centuries. This integrates a collective British colonial heritage, warfare during the 1779s and 1812, and the ultimate growth of one of the most victorious global relationships in the modern world. Both United States and Canada are main economic partners. Moreover, the comprehensive association between the two nations has increased the comparisons. However, the most serious dent on the relationship between the two allies was the war of 1812. This war

Management Skills in Adult Nursing Essay (4000 word reflection is to

Management Skills in Adult Nursing (4000 word reflection is to enable to develop a deeper, critical understanding of the development of knowledge and skill in Management) - Essay Example In order to improve my practice, I will reflect on this incident, and address issues of effective discharge planning, communication, and handover. The themes I will consider for this topic would follow the various questions raised by Johns’ reflective model. This model is meant to be implemented by sharing with fellow practitioners or with a mentor, which then transforms the learning to a faster pace. Johns’ model emphasizes the value of experienced knowledge as well as the power of the practitioner to access and implement information which has been secured via empirical processes (Grech, 2004). More specific themes on discharge planning, communication, and handover shall be incorporated into the text. The critical and analytical aspects of this discussion shall flow from the reflective process, with an evaluation of the specific actions based on standards of the practice (Callara, 2008). The scenario under evaluation involves the discharge of Patient X, a 65 year old male patient who recently underwent hip hemiarthroplasty surgery. During the discharge planning process, there were several orders which I was not sure how to implement. One of the discharge orders indicated that I needed to refer the patient to the rehabilitation ward for physiotherapy and occupational therapy, and that I needed to refer the patient to a physiotherapist and an occupational therapist, and arrange future schedules for therapy. Discharge orders also indicated that I needed to recommend an appropriate health and diet plan for the patient. Health and diet plans for elderly patients, especially those who have recently suffered hip fractures must be established because these elderly patients are prone to possible re-injury (Beaupre, et.al., 2005). Beaupre, et.al., (2005) discussed that the hip fracture would likely limit the mobility or elderly

Motivation Profiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Motivation Profiles - Essay Example Maslow (In Huit, 2004) refers to these needs as physiological. Ella's needs may also include safety or security or the need to be out of danger, but it is not necessarily so. She has not strived very much to the higher levels of education but just enough to get her a job. She is contented to be paid enough for her family's daily needs for food and shelter. As her family's needs grow, she finds that she has to move for promotion which she looks at in terms of bigger take home pay, but not necessarily bigger responsibility. The fight for promotion is tight at Ella's workplace. To be promoted, she resorts to giving gifts to her supervisor or persons having to do with promotion in her place of work. Like her, she thinks people primarily find satisfaction in material gain and she may find favor from her superiors. Ella is submissive to authority and represses her own impulses. In fact, her own idea of a boss is authoritarian. The hostile boss is not a problem to her if she receives a promotion (bigger pay). She is willing to forego much personal freedom in favor of a promotion that would assure her of food and shelter every month. She defers from Marcelo and Masoko in that her needs are very basic - just of the existence level described by Alderfer (1972). Marcelo Marcelo's needs may be said to occupy the two second higher level needs described in Maslow's hierarchy: belongingness and love, and esteem needs (See Huit, 2004). Marcelo is therefore expected to easily affiliate with others and be accepted. At the same time, he sees the drive to achieve at his level, be competent, gain approval and attain recognition. There is a strong need to be liked which may not be good in terms of decision-making (See McClelland, 1987). Status is a prime motivator to Marcelo. There is greater personal satisfaction in receiving praise or recognition with Marcelo and a promotion would realize these things for him. (See McClelland, 1987). Marcelo believes that promotions are given in exchange for something given, not necessarily hard work. It is a give and take situation. So he tries to praise his supervisors, do as he is ordered without any complain that he may be liked. In exchange for pleasing his boss, he believes he is working for promotion. For all his investments in gaining approval and at the same time being affiliative with his supervisor, he expects that promotion is in store. Marcelo has been toeing every rule given in his workplace, conscious that every broken rule requires a punishment and farther away from attaining a promotion. Therefore, he keeps quiet and never questions whatever policies he disagrees with. His needs, however, are higher than that of Ella's. He needs affirmation and affiliation over and above mere biological needs. Marcelo may be said to be other-oriented in that his work life involves relationships with significant others. He is satisfied by mutually sharing thoughts and feelings, and that acceptance, confirmation, understanding, and influence are elements important to him (Alderfer, 1972). Masoko Masoko sees more freedom in thinking than Ella and Marcelo. His actions are governed by the interplay of possible

Should students be assigned to classrooms according to their IQ level Research Paper

Should students be assigned to classrooms according to their IQ level why or why not - Research Paper Example One such issue is whether children should be placed in classrooms based on their age alone, or should their IQ also weigh in as well. There are various ways through which children with higher IQs are catered to in various educational institutions. Some techniques entail placing the â€Å"gifted† children in the same class as their peers, with specialized activities being created for them, different from those of the rest of the class. Still others involve having the gifted children take special classes after school hours, for instance private tutoring. There are certain schools that provide separate classrooms for gifted students altogether, whereas there are institutes that only cater to gifted children. This paper discusses the technique that advocates providing separate classrooms for children based on their IQ. ... Children with higher IQs tend to get bored in regular classrooms, where they are forced to hold back their intelligence, so to speak. This results in them not achieving their full potential. On the same note, children with average IQs, when placed with gifted children, will also experience frustration and confusion. Such feelings can often result in children either lashing out or withdrawing within their own selves. What is more, with the present public school system geared towards improving the standards of the average or deficient/lacking children, the needs of gifted children are often ignored. Assigning gifted children to separate classrooms enables them to challenge themselves and cause them to utilize their maximum potential, something not possible in a regular classroom. Placing such children in regular classrooms may even cause disruption as the gifted child, out of boredom or frustration, may cause distractions in class, thus disturbing the learning of other students. The pr oponents opine that as gifted children are lesser in number, therefore, in a bid to â€Å"fit in† they may end up playing down their intelligence, whether for the teachers or for their classmates. It is a normal phenomenon in a classroom that the teachers often do not call out children who they think would already know the answer, instead focusing on the average or lacking students. All these factors may cause the children to drop out of school altogether (Cloud, Badowski, Rubiner, & Scully, 2004). Once again, students at both ends of the spectrum will benefit greatly from being assigned to classrooms based on their IQ level. On the other hand, the opponents state that the system of measuring IQ, first of all, is not an exact science and

Franklin D Roosevelt's New Deal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Franklin D Roosevelt's New Deal - Essay Example First New Deal The First New Deal started functioning during 1933 and ended during 1935, during this period, various reforms were made to strengthen the institutions of US. These reforms include the AAA or Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, this act was passed with the aim of insuring minimum wages for the farmers. According to this Act, farmers were paid in order to produce less so prices of agricultural produce could increase. Another reform made during the period of 1933 was the NIRA or National Industrial Recovery Act, this act was proposed and accepted in three different parts. Under this act, PWA or Public Works Administration was created for the management of government projects. The administration hired huge number of people while spending a total of $7 billion on development of projects. The Administration even created various labour procedures for working hours, competition, banning of child labour and wages. Individuals hired by this administration were paid a minimum wa ge of $1.25/hour and they were permitted to work for eight hours per week. Another adjustment made under this act was related to membership of trade unions. This act allowed trade unions to participate in business matters and these unions were legally allowed to bargain on behalf of the employees. The president even passed the Emergency Banking Act due to which banks reopened and money and gold being saved by the public were deposited back to the banks. According to this act only the best banks of US were allowed to start functioning again, and that too under the supervision of the government and these banks were lend money under compulsory situations. Banks that were smaller in size experienced shutdown and merger with banks that were larger in size, depositor’s money was returned on the basis of 85 cents for each $1 deposited by the customers. Later Glass-Steagall Act was passed by the president; the purpose of this act was to restrict the participation of commercial banks in securities firms. The president even created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, though this corporation, deposits that were higher than the amount of $2500 were insured, and this move was made to decrease the risk of deposit getting out of banks. Second New Deal The second New Deal refers to the next 100 days of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, during this period; he passed various acts and created various programs for correcting the relationship between the government and the public and to further strengthen existing institutions. One of the greatest acts passed by the president was the Social Security Act, under this act under which benefits were forwarded to those who were retired and to the children of those families that that existed without a father. The pensions and the benefits forwarded to the people under this act were to be financed by the taxes paid by the citizens of US. The president even created the Works Progress Administration which helped in prov iding employment to over 8.5 million individuals who worked on the development of government projects such as roads, highways, public offices, irrigation system and playgrounds. These projects not only helped in decreasing unemployment in US, these projects even helped in building the infrastructure of US

Finance for E-Business (Report) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Finance for E-Business (Report) - Essay Example BT Group plc is listed on stock exchanges in London and New York.† (btplc.com). The group has four (4) principal lines of business: BT Global Services; Openreach, BT Retail and BT Wholesale. The principal activities of the group include: â€Å"networked IT services, local, national and international telecommunications services, and higher value broadband and internet products and services† (btplc.com).) The ratios below and an explanation as to their use will indicate to you why this particular company’s share may or may not be recommended. However, as you will find out, there are limitations to these ratios. Profitability ratios are usually calculated in order to perform vertical analysis or to compare one year with another. These ratios include net profit margin and gross profit margin. Figures are also taken from the balance sheet and used for the calculation of specific ratios to determine how well the fixed assets were utilised. These ratios are known as asset management ratios. These include asset turnover ratios and return on capital employed. Shareholder or investment ratios such as return on equity, earnings per share and price earnings ratio are some of the other ratios that are useful here. A number of these ratios will be used to assess the financial performance of BT group over the past three (3) years. â€Å"It is impossible to assess profits or profit growth properly without relating them to the amount of funds (capital) that were employed in making the profits. The most important profitability ratio is therefore return on capital employed (ROCE), which states the profit as a percentage of the amount of capital employed† (BPP 2009) The figures above show the return on capital employed for the past three (3) years.. ROCE fell sharply from 11.86% in 2008 to 1.5% in 2009. However it increased in 2010 to 11.63%. These

Pharmacy as a Career Essay Example for Free

Pharmacy as a Career Essay One of the most dynamic industries in health care is pharmacy. I chose this career because it provides various outlets for professional growth, excellent financial gains, and the opportunity to take care of people all the time. As the â€Å"medication expert on the health care team,† my task is to manage the medication therapy of patients and clients by providing information and advice as well as improving the quality of their lives. In addition, I picked this line of work since it is one of the most accessible health care professionals. New challenges come each day as pharmacists assist patients with their health care needs in terms of medications. Coincidentally, I live in a city where health care demands are high and the standard of living is extreme and active. In this set-up, a career in Pharmacy offers enough resources, opportunities, and flexibility needed to maintain balanced health care career and fulfilling personal life. The fact that you have to deal with different types of people and personalities is interesting and stimulating. What is great about this profession is the lifetime learning as well taken from institutions and everyday actual experiences. Continuous education allows for professional and personal development in all aspects. A degree in Doctor of Pharmacy allows for better positions and job offerings in health care facilities in both immediate and long-term basis. It will also give me the break of exploring other fields such as teaching or publishing written works in educational institutions. Practice in Pharmacy can also be privatized. This further study in Pharmacy will offer me more options for other careers which are all equally motivating and inspiring.

Health Related Quality of Life Relationship with Family

Health Related Quality of Life Relationship with Family Association of Health – Related Quality of Life to Family Dynamics and Social Support among Pediatric Patients with Leukemia in Tertiary Hospitals in Northern Philippines Jonas P. Cruz Abstract Background of the Study: Leukemia is the most prevalent cancer affecting children around the world but majority of the cases are idiopathic in nature. Generally, patients with Leukemia experience poorer health related quality of life compared to the general population. Though a wide interest in studying the health related quality of life of these types of patients where on the lime light in the recent years, none of these works focused on examining the relationship of the HRQoL to the family dynamics and social support of the patients. This study aims to examine the association of Health – Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) to the family dynamics and social support among pediatric patients diagnosed with Leukemia. Design: This research is a cross – sectional, correlation study. Method: A questionnaire with four parts will be used to gather data on demographic data of the patients and their family, their family dynamics, social support and health related quality of life. Data will be collected from pediatric patients aged 5 to 18 years with Leukemia, their parents and siblings. Data will be treated using the IBM SPSS Statistics. Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used. Background of the Study Leukemia is the most prevalent cancer affecting children around the world but majority of the cases are idiopathic in nature.1 In the United States, Leukemia is one of the most diagnosed cancer and one of the leading causes of deaths among children in 2011 with the highest incidence rate (8.8 per 100,000) in children aged 1 to 4 years and highest death rate (0.8 per 100,000) among children aged 15 to 19 years.2 Similarly, children with Leukemia is considerably the fastest – growing types of patients in hospitals in the Philippines. It account for about 40 to 60 percent of cancers in children and topped the list of killer diseases more than the combined number of deaths caused by dengue hemorrhagic, blood infection and prematurity.3 In the recent report from the Department of Health of the Philippines, Leukemia is among the ten leading causes of child mortality with 2.7, 2.4 and 1.8 per 100,000 population for children aged 1 to 4 years old, 5 to 9 years old and 10 to 14 years o ld, respectively. This is an alarming shift since in the past years; Leukemia was not part of the list.4 In a recent study, childhood leukemia relative survival in the Philippines was found to be lower (32.9 %) compared to Asian Americans (80.1 %) and Caucasians (81.9 %). Furthermore, attainment of equal survival rates of children in the Philippines lagged behind by 20 to >30 years compared with children with Leukemia in the United States.5 This existing difference can be attributed with deficiency in pediatric cancer care, inaccessibility or unavailability of the needed diagnostic and treatment modalities, financial constraints and unawareness.5-9 In a worldwide perspective, therapy has noticeably enhanced over the past decades and the overall rate of survival among children with Leukemia has also increased.10-12 While the prognosis of leukemia in children has improved dramatically, so as the rise of clinical interest in understanding the health related quality of life among childhood Leukemia patients.13 Various studies were conducted to determine the health related quality of life of these patients and their differences between those patients undergoing maintenance chemotherapy with those not on treatment, identify the factors that affects their HRQoL,14-16 HRQoL of childhood leukemia survivors,17-19 difference between patient, parent proxy reported and clinician reported HRQoL,20,21 and HRQoL of parents taking care of these patients22. A study has reported that the social, physical and emotional health and well-being of childhood Leukemia patients are significantly lower compared to their community peers.21 Furthermore, the se patients experienced declining deficits in HRQoL during active treatment phases which is the same as losing approximately 2 months perfect health life.23 Treatment like maintenance chemotherapy had shown effect on the quality of life of children with Leukemia. Patients receiving this kind of therapy reported lower HRQoL in all domains than those who are not on treatment. Psychosocial health was reported to be most affected. Likewise, parents taking care of children undergoing maintenance chemotherapy reported significantly lower quality of life as compared to parents of patients who are not undergoing the same therapy.14 Similarly, survivors of Leukemia have shown poor HRQoL17 however, relapsed survivors reported lower general health compared to non-relapsed survivors24. Factors affecting the quality of life were also identified and reported by some research studies. These factors that can affect the HRQoL of pediatric patients with Leukemia includes the type of cancer treatment they are undergoing such as chemotherapy and the use of Dexamethasone which was reported to cause lower HRQoL.14,25-27 Impaired overall sleep were also reported to be associated with lower HRQoL among these patients. More problems were found as associated with sleep anxiety, delay on sleep onset, feeling of sleepiness during day time and night wakenings.27-29 Childrens pain and fatigue over three days following a chemotherapy also influence the quality of life not only of the patients but also their family.30 Cancer itself is an important factor affecting the HRQoL and the stage of disease showed a considerable importance on HRQoL scores.31 Moreover, clinically significance associations to HRQoL were observed with anxiety, depression and obesity.32 Another study also reported duration of hospital admission, increased frequency of hospital visits, female patients, younger age of diagnosing the disease, and the size of the family were all associated to a lower over HRQoL scores of these patients.33 Though a wide interest in studying the health related quality of life of these types of patients where on the lime light in the recent years, none of these works focused on examining the relationship of the HRQoL to the family dynamics and social support of the patients. Some of the past research studies have focused on the impact of taking care of a child with Leukemia to the quality of life of the caregiver and their family as well as the burden of care for these patients.34-38 However, family dynamics and social support and its association to HRQoL was never attempted. Family dynamics are the interaction between members of the family as well as the different relationships that is present within a family. Every family has its own unique dynamic, which is apparent in its own unique way.39 The whole family dynamics can be understand by measuring the family functioning, family environment and family quality of life.40 Family dynamics maybe affected by the existence of the disease of the children and may be altered. How family members see the family when attending to commitment such as taking care of the patient refers to family functioning. This permits identifying individual perceptions of family values as a psychosocial or social support resource. The way each family member perceives the efficacy and quality of this resource can significantly influence the health status of its member.41 Although positive relationship among family members and social support can decrease risks of mortality and enhance total health, studies have reported that some famil ial relations negatively affect health. Negative effect on health can be caused by problematic and non-supportive familial relationships. Poor-quality relationships can harm physical and mental health.42 Further, couples with unequal division of decision making and power are related with higher levels of depression.43 Living and being reared in an unsupported, neglectful or violent environment is also related with poor physical health and development.42 On the other hand, good family relationships are significant predictor for a better HRQoL as shown in a study on pediatric burn survivors.44 Likewise, fewer arguments within the family were associated to higher quality of life among diabetes patients.45,46 Studies have also reported relationship between social support and HRQoL. Higher levels of social support were shown to be associated to lower risk for physical dysfunctions, mental problems, and mortality.47 Social support can reverse the unwanted effects of stressful situations and chronic health conditions.48 Various studies have established the fact that social support can affect the HRQoL patients with acute or chronic conditions in general.47-51 However, studies on its association to HRQoL among children and adolescent patients with Leukemia are scanty to non-existing. Therefore, family dynamics and social support are hypothesized in this current study to be a predictor of HRQoL of pediatric patients with Leukemia. It is then the aim of this study to understand the pediatric Leukemia patients’ family dynamics and social support and their health related quality of life and examine their relationship with each other. Objectives of the Study This study aims to examine the association of Health – Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) to the family dynamics and social support among pediatric patients diagnosed with Leukemia. Specifically, it seeks to: Assess the family dynamics of the pediatric patients with Leukemia using the Family APGAR; Identify the perceived social support of the pediatric patients with leukemia in terms of: Family support, Friend support Significant other support; Determine the self – reported and parent – proxy reported Health – Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) among pediatric patients with Leukemia in terms of: Physical Functioning, Emotional Functioning, Social Functioning, School Functioning; Examine the difference between the self – reported and parent – proxy reported HRQoL among pediatric patients with Leukemia; Examine the relationship between the family dynamics and social support to the HRQoL among pediatric patients with Leukemia. Design This research is a cross – sectional, correlation study. Participants This current study will include three groups of respondents: the children and adolescent patients diagnosed with Leukemia of any type admitted in the tertiary hospitals in the City of San Fernando in La Union, Philippines, their parents and their siblings. There are three tertiary hospitals in the area namely Lorma Medical Center, Bethany Hospital Inc., and Ilocos Training and Regional Medical Center. Patients aged 5 to 18 years old, male and female, undergoing maintenance phase of treatment, conscious, and responsive will be considered as participants of the study. Parent that provides care to the patient will be asked to report for the parent – proxy reported HRQoL of the patient while both parents will be asked to respond for the family dynamics. Siblings of the patient will be included as respondents for the family dynamics. Purposive sampling technique will be utilized in the study. Patients who will meet the inclusion criteria will be eligible for the study. Data Collection Data will be collected using a questionnaire. The questionnaire is a collection of adopted scales from earlier studies which will measure the family dynamics, social support and health related quality of life of the Leukemia patients. The questionnaire will have four parts. Part one will elicit data on the demographics of the patient and family. The profile of the patient will include the gender of the patient, age, diagnosis, date of diagnosis, type of treatment, length of stay in the hospital. On the other hand, the profile of the family will include the number of family members, position of the patient in the family, religion, family income, occupation of each family member, type of residence (rural, urban or sub-urban) and type of housing. The profile of the patients will be answered either by the patient or the parent while the profile of the family will be answered by the parents. Part two will gather data on the family dynamics. Family dynamics will be measured using the Family APGAR. Family APGAR stands for Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection and Resolve. It is a measure that will assess the perception of the family members to family functioning through examining their satisfaction with the existing relationship. It is a 5 – items scale which was designed to be responded using a 3 – point scale from 0 as hardly ever to 2 as almost always. The highest score for this measure is 10 and higher scores signify more satisfaction with family functioning. Score lower than 6 will be considered as dysfunction in the family while scores of 6 and above will be considered as normal family function. Previous studies have established a good validity and reliability of the measure with Cronbachs alpha ranging from 0.80 to 0.85.52-54 The parents, patient and the patients siblings will be asked to answer the scale to have a better picture of the family d ynamics. Part three will collect data about the perceived social support of the patients. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) will be adopted. This is a tool designed to measure the three sources of support namely family, friend and significant other. It is composed of 12 items that can be answered using a 7 – point scale from Very Strongly Disagree to Very Strongly Agree. There will be four scores that will be derived from the scale: Family Subscale Score, Friend Subscale Score, Significant Other Subscale Score, and Total Scale Score. Scores will be obtained by summing the individual scores in each scale then divide it with the number of items. Good internal reliability across subject groups and strong factorial validity were reported for the MSPSS by earlier studies.55-57 This will be answered by the patient. Part four will be the PedsQLTM Measurement Model. It consists of 23-item designed to measure the core dimensions of health as delineated by the WHO and the role (school) functioning. It has a 5 – point scale from never to almost always. It has four dimensions which are physical, emotional, social and school functioning. Scores for each scale as well as the total scale score will be obtained. Internal consistency reliability and validity of the scale was reported to be acceptable.58-60 The patient – reported and parent – proxy reported will be considered for the study. The questionnaire will be distributed to the respondents and they will be asked to answer honestly. Enough time will be provided for the respondents. The questionnaire will be available both in English and Filipino versions. It will be translated using the forward backward method. The translated version will be subjected to reliability and validity test to ensure the accuracy of data to be collected. Ethical Consideration Ethical clearance will be sought from each ethical committee of the three hospitals. An informed consent will be asked to be signed by the parents of each patient who will signify the permission to be included in the study. The researcher will explain properly the purpose, nature, significance of the study and the expected participation of the respondents to the study. Confidentiality will be assured to each respondent. Data Analysis Data will be treated using the IBM SPSS Statistics. Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used. Frequency count will be used for the profile of the respondents. Mean will be used to analyze the family dynamics, social support and health related quality of life. Pearson r correlation will be utilized to examine the relationship between family dynamics and social support to health related quality of life.

Self-Control Theory Analysis of Drug Use and Distribution

Self-Control Theory Analysis of Drug Use and Distribution Self-Control Theory Analysis of Prohibited Drug Use and Distribution References Buker, H. (2011). Formation of self-control: Gottfredson and Hirschis general theory of crime and beyond. Aggression and violent behaviour, 265-276. Gottfredson, M. G., Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. Hirschi, T., Gottfredson, M. (1993). Commentary: Testing the general theory of crime. Journal of research in crime and deliquency, 47-54. Hirschi, T., Gottfredson, M. R. (2000). In defense of self-control. Theoretical Criminology, 59-64. Macquarie. (2009). Macquarie Concise Dictionary . Sydney: Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd. Newburn, T. (2013). Criminology. Oxon: Routledge. Self-Control Theory Analysis of Prohibited Drug Use and Distribution What is self-control and how do we apply it as a theory when referring to criminal activity? How do we use the theory of self-control to create appropriate reduction strategies for combatting criminal activity? The Macquarie Concise Dictionary defines self-control as ‘control of oneself and or ones actions, feelings, etc.’ (Macquarie, 2009) where as Hirschi Gottfredson refer to self-control as being a ‘concern for the long-term consequences of one’s acts’ (Hirschi Gottfredson, 2000). Are a person’s actions or their control of, predetermined through learned behaviours or is it merely a social â€Å"out† to state that a person has no control over their actions? That they should not be held responsible for behaviours not within their control? When does a person become responsible for their actions and can a person who has limited self-control take steps to become more self-controlled. At the age of eight years old a person is deemed to have from the ability to have self-control. At this age is would be more likely that they have learned this self-control from factors such a family structure and schooling. As maturity is a limited factor at such a young age, if a person has not formed the ability to self-control their own actions, it will be a ‘visible and stable issue as they grow older’ (Gottfredson Hirschi, 1990). Of those people whose self-control has formed it is often noted that they are more likely to resist temptation and are less impulsive, than those whose self-control has not yet formed. They are said to be able to rationalise and behave in what are deemed social norms on a regular and consistent basis. People with low or unformed self-control tend to be self-absorbed, egocentrically self-centred and bear no concern to what consequences their actions have on themselves or other people (Newburn, 2013). Generally speaking they are more likely to use prohibited drugs, engage in risky behaviour such as unprotected or unsafe sexual practices, consume alcohol to excess and are more likely to participate in criminal activity. It should be noted that there is a difference to lack of or low self-control and impulsiveness. Lack of self-control can in turn result is continual behaviour reoccurring due to a person creating an acceptable image within their mind that their actions are justified. Impulsiveness can be a one off event that is spurred on by a momentary thought process that may not ever occur again. But this does not mean that people with low self-control are criminals or that all criminals have low self-control. Like most crimes that are committed, there is an element of opportunity that needs to be present. Newburn makes mention that although it does not provide a long term benefit for the person, it can be stimulating, thrilling and is usually an unskilled act or it does not require any form of proper planning and execution (Newburn, 2013). Even with or without opportunity, most crimes need some form of planning to ensure that they are likely to succeed. In his article on the formation of self-control, Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime and beyond, Hasan Buker identifies factors such as Family Structure, Parental Practices, Education and Learning, Biological Factors, Social Structure and Religious Involvement that contribute to how a person’s self-control is formed (Buker, 2011). By examining these factors we can attempt to create positive approaches to interact with people who have committed criminal offences and try to rehabilitate them from reoffending. But can those people who have already had their self-control formed be rehabilitated? Or must we strike while the iron is hot during the younger years of a person’s life and ensure that they are being appropriately taught right from wrong? The primary factors that determine one’s self-control as outlined in the general theory of crime are family structure and diminished parental supervision and parenting practices. If this is the case then it must be said that the secondary influences for self-control formation are social structure, education and learning. Almost all of these factors occur before a person has hit the defined age of eight years old for self-control formation. If parents find it socially acceptable to use prohibited drugs, then a young impressionable mind may feel that it too is an acceptable practice and is more likely to experiment if they are offered prohibited drugs at a later stage in their life. If suitable supervision occurs, which includes setting up appropriate boundaries and expectations, during the early years of a person’s childhood, including the adolescent years, they are more likely to respond in a positive manner to those who have no set boundaries and expectations. With thi s in mind, if parents are behaving in what is deemed law abiding behaviour, and they supervise their children in the same manner, then it must be said that their children’s level of self-control and ability to resist temptation would be greater and they are less likely to behave in criminal activity to those children who are not supervised in the same manner. Buker also raises social structure in his article stating that this can also lead to diminished self-control in an individual. Lower socio economic neighbourhoods are often linked to poor family structure and parental supervision as well as adverse learning environments. In these areas due to limited parental supervision, parents may often fail to monitor adverse behaviour and discipline their children in a correct and an appropriate manner. (Buker, 2011).

Dead Poets Society :: essays research papers

When I first saw Dead Poets Society, it was nothing I expected. The film is quite serious and it is without question the best movie I've ever seen. It takes place in 1959 at Welton Academy, a private collage prep school for boys where discipline is the most important goal and any demonstration of a free thought is strictly prohibited . One voice stands out among narrow-minded administration-John Keatings, eccentric and inspiring teacher. He wants his students to "suck the bone of life to the marrow", "to seize the day", and to make their lives "extraordinary". Keatings teaches poetry, but his students get a lot more than that- they learn passion, courage, and romance. Group of his students dare to form Dead Poets Society, a secret organization. One of the boys, Neil, who wants to be an actor but whose overbearing father forbids him to , commits a suicide and dies . His roommate , Todd, is trying to live up to expectations after his brother becomes the school's valedictorian. At the end, Mr. Keatings is fired after being accused of having a negative impact on his students. Self-esteem becomes one of the centers of the movie. Neil's low self-esteem reveals itself only in the relationship with Neil's father, but leads Neil to his tragic end. On the other hand, Todd, with the help of Professor Keatings, was able to build up his self-esteem . John Keatings wasn't a regular professor: his teaching methods were very different from those of others in Welton Academy. The relationship between Todd and professor Keatings is quite interesting because we can see the transformation that Todd went through from being afraid to answer teacher's question to being the first one to show his appreciation for Mr. Keatings when doing so could lead to expelling from the school.It is very interesting to see how John Keatings establishes the relationship with his students. He is quite open with his students about his attitude towards the world and his ideas about the purposes of life, and other general things, however, at the same time he doesn't reveal his personal life. This is very understandable due to the fact that he is a teacher, and his role as a teacher prevents him from getting too personal with his students. Moreover, in my opinion, it was very important to keep this barrier between the professor and his students because otherwise they could've lost their respect for him as a teacher.

Political Reform in the Schools of Latvia :: Religion in Education Soviet Union Essays

Political Reform in the Schools of Latvia Cataclysmic events sometimes spur educators to reconsider the role of schools in preparing children for citizenship. In the United States, the Great Depression of the 1930's prompted educators to address the appropriate place of the schools in developing citizens for an industrial democracy. In the tiny Baltic nation of Latvia, the sudden breakup of the Soviet Union caused educators to consider the same questions. A remarkable chain of events at the turn of the last decade raised the Iron Curtain and paved the way for a revival of liberal democracy throughout Eastern Europe after fifty years of dictatorial Soviet communism. In 1992, Latvia followed many of its neighbors in declaring its independence. It then turned to the creation of a new government and developing citizens to ensure its continuation. Religion was to play a prominent role. The Church had traditionally been a significant factor in Latvian political and social life, but the early 1990's saw a new religious force in Eastern Europe. Western missionary organizations were searching for footholds from which to evangelize the newly independent nations of Eastern Europe. Two conflicting goals of this evangelism rapidly surfaced. On the one hand, the Church certainly intended to gain converts to Christianity, but it had a political mission as well. Missionaries and their host governments envisioned Christianity as a vehicle to reinstitute a public morality lost under decades of communist rule. In the minds of many, Christian virtue spread throughout the populace would form a necessary foundation for the growth of liberal democracy. Both the Church and the State targeted the schools as the delivery system for moral instruction. However, this use of the schools put them in the untenable position of serving two masters-the Church and the state, two institut ions whose ideologies and goals are ever at odds. Marxist and Christian Worldviews and Education In "ten days that shook the world" in 1917, Lenin's Bolsheviks co-opted the Russian Revolution and ushered into existence a Marxist government. Fundamental to the implementation of communism in Lenin's view was control of the schools. He declared that "The school must become a weapon of the dictatorship of the proletariat" (in Counts, 1957). Under Lenin's successor, Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union expanded its influence into Eastern Europe. In 1945, the Soviets annexed Latvia and restructured the schools in accordance with Stalin's view that education is ".

Essay --

Introduction Although tempting, rapid weight loss that's not monitored by a doctor can have serious consequences. In addition to dehydration, nutritional deficiencies, heart problems, and developing gallstones and overtraining syndrome, the drastic measures required to lose weight fast are hard to maintain. MayoClinic.com states that fast weight loss is often gained back quick, and tends to be water weight and muscle tissue, not fat. They recommend losing no more than 2 pounds a week. (See References 1, 2 and 3) How Much, How Fast Fast weight loss at the expert-recommended rate of 2 pounds a week, requires that you accumulate a daily deficit of 1,000 calories. After one week, this adds up to 7,000 calories, and since there are 3,500 calories in 1 pound of fat, you will lose 2 pounds. This means that you can lose 10 to 15 pounds in about 5 to 7 weeks, give or take a few days. Gradual weight loss at a rate of 2 pounds a week gives you time to get used to the lifestyle changes you're making, which should pertain to diet and exercise. (See References 1) Effective Dietary Changes Reducing...

Ten Characteristics of a Good Teacher

From time to time during the 15 years I have been working in the field of English language teaching and training, I have put myself in the position of language learner rather than teacher. In addition to enjoying language study and  finding the process fascinating, I find it beneficial to view the process through the eyes of a student. Even though I have felt at odds with some teachers and their methods, I have learned something from every teacher I have ever had ­ even the worst ,  of them.There is a line in Saint-Exupery’s The Little Prince that applies to any endeavor, but especially teaching. It reads: â€Å"That which is essential cannot be seen with the eye. Only with the heart can one know it rightly. † The essence of teaching is difficult to qualify, but that line leads directly into my most essential criterion. 1. I want a teacher who has a contagious en ­ husiasm for his t teaching—one who, as Rich ­ rd Via says, loves his students and his wor k. Mr. Via is an educational specialist in using drama techniques to teach EFL at the East-West Center in Hawaii.I was fortunate enough to attend his teacher-training seminar in Korea in 1976. It was a pleasure to be in his audience. His enjoyment in transmitting knowledge and participating in the seminar was apparent and infectious. His passion for teaching instilled a passion for learning in all the participants. For me, the most crucial factors in effective teaching are who the teacher is and how he acts in the classroom. This influences the way the stu ­dents react d toward the target language and, therefore, their success in learning it.2. I want a teacher who is creative. Teaching must be more  than simply opening a book, doing exercises, and following an outline written by someone else. In the tedium of repetition, the student can go through the motions of doing the exercises without his mind being engaged. What can a teacher do to engage the student’s mind? There are a myriad of techniques that the creative teach r can employ—information-gap exercises, e games, songs, jazz chants, problem solving, and other techniques that allow the student to utilize the skills he has already developed in his first language. 3. I want a teacher who can add pace and humor to the class.The humor of one of my teachers had the effect of alleviating my nervousness—of reducing my effective filter. There was a rapport among the students and the teacher because we were all laughing together. We had a good time learning, and we made a lot of progress because we were not afraid to make mistakes; we could take chances. As Krashen would say, the effective filters of the students were low, facilitating acquisition. Another teacher that I had maintained an excellent pace in the class. She never lost an instant consulting a list or thinking about what to do next; she had prepared—that was evident—and she was going  to capitalize on every seco nd.I was somewhat nervous in her class, but I didn’t have time to worry about it because events moved so quickly. I was literally sitting on the edge of my seat so that I wouldn’t miss anything, and my adrenalin was a positive force. I should add that humor is a double-edged sword: it can backfire, for what is funny to one person may not be funny to another. Humor across cultures can add a layer of difficulty to communication. 4. I want a teacher who challenges me. I had several teachers who always spoke to me in Spanish, both in and out of class.I felt they were showing confidence in me and chal ­lenging me to speak Spanish. The student’s passive l knowledge of the target language is always greater than his active knowledge. There is no reason why a teacher should use any language other than the target language except possibly for purposes of expediency. When a teacher reverts to the native language, he is showing a lack of patience with the students’ struggles in the target language. In addition, switching codes is confusing. I was given a test in which all the in ­ tructions were read to me in English, so that I would be sure to understand every ­ thing.Then I had to answer in Spanish. But the test had three parts and I had to continue switching codes back and forth from English to Spanish; I found this very confusing. It is like going off a diet—once you cheat a i little, then you want to cheat a little more. If someone speaks to me in English, this activates my English channel and I am prepared to think in English. Speaking in the target language to the learner prepares and challenges him to speak in that language. In addition, I want a teacher who can maintain a  level of difficulty high enough to challenge me, but not so high as to discourage me.5. I want a teacher who is encouraging and patient, and who will not give up on me. Some of the teachers that I have had demonstrated incredible patience with all of th eir students, never allowing even a shadow of displeasure to cross their faces in reaction to continued incorrect speaking after endless correction (which may say something about the policy of correction). When the teacher is positive—encouraging initial and repeated attempts—the students will apply themselves more diligently.Motivation thrives on success. One teacher I had appeared on several occasions c to give up on me. She would struggle to have the other g members of the class repeat the combination of an indirect object pronoun followed by a direct object pronoun—the nemesis of the Spanish-language student. They would have numerous chances to supply the correct combination in various tenses, but I often was given only one opportunity. For the life of me, I do not know why the teacher gave me only one chance.Was it because I was struggling and she wanted to spare me any unpleasantness? Or was it because in her mind I  didn’t need the practice? I fe lt that I needed the practice and wanted at least a chance to try. I felt that the teacher was discouraged and had lost confidence in my ability to progress. As a result, I lost my incentive and became unsure of myself. 6. I want a teacher who will take an interest in me as a person—one who will try to discover discussion topics that interest me. When I was teaching, one of the first things I did was to try to find out what my students’ interests were: hobbies, past employment, family, travel, etc. The easiest, most accessible area of conversation is oneself.The initial and intermediate stages of development for the language student do not abound with opportunities for coherent self-expression. Most of the time, we language students feel fairly incompetent because we cannot express ourselves adequately, as we are accustomed to doing in our native language. Thus, if we can discuss some little accomplishment we’ve had, or something that we take pleasure in or are proud of, so much the better. 7. I want a teacher who knows grammar well and who can explain something on the spot if necessary.I also want a teacher who is realistic and has the simple courage to admit that he doesn’t know an answer if indeed he doesn’t. I have had some teachers who, probably as the result of the de-emphasis on grammar explanation in the structuralist tradition, did not provide enough explanations. It seems to me that a more eclectic approach would take into consideration the needs of the adult learner, who should be given some insight into the intricacies of grammar. 8. I want a teacher who will take a minute or two to answer a question after class, or who will take five minutes to  correct something that I have done on my own.I had several teachers who did this willingly and who encouraged the students to do extra work on their own. I also had a teacher who made some corrections for me at my request, but somehow I felt as if I had encroached on he r time. Is teaching to be exactly 50 minutes of the hour and no more? First, we as teachers need to encourage students not only to study what is required, but to pursue on their own areas in which they are interested. Acquisition is facilitated when it concerns information that we need or are interested in.And second, we need to appreciate our students’ efforts. 9. I want a teacher who will treat me as a per ­ on, on an equal s basis with all the members of the class, regardless of sex, marital status, race, or my future need for the language. In some of my classes women were given discussion topics relating only to the home and family, and men were rarely asked to talk about their families. Men were also given more â€Å"talk† time than the women. This can be discouraging to the student, and that is not conducive to progress. As teachers, we must look  carefully at our classes to be certain that we are including everyone equally.I know that I have probably been gu ilty of bias toward the brighter and more energetic students—they’re more challenging for the teacher and more interesting for the class. But now 1. Editor’s Note: on the spot = without further consideration; at once; immdeiately. 2012 37 that I have been a victim of bias my ­ elf, I will cers tainly be more aware of treating my students equally. 10. Finally, I want a teacher who will leave his emotional baggage outside the classroom. The classroom is a stage,  and to be effective the teacher must in some cases be an actor.I do not want to interrupt my concentration by worrying about what might be bothering the teacher. Nor do I want a teacher who sustains himself through ridicule or sarcasm, playing havoc with the emotions of his students and thereby blocking any learning/acquisition that might take place. Conclusion The qualities that I have discussed can be separated into four areas—(1) affective characteristics, (2) skills, (3) classroom managemen t techniques, and (4) academic knowledge: Affective characteristics enthusiasm  encouragement humor interest in the student availability mental healt Skills creativity challenge Classroom Management pace fairness Academic Knowledge grammar A teacher’s effectiveness depends on his demonstration of the affective characteristics. These are inborn in some of us, but they are also within the grasp of most teachers. Most of us want to be encouraging, enthusiastic, and available, but we just have to be reminded once in a while. The classroom management techniques of peace and fairness are often overlooked, but they can be crucial to effective teaching.These are not techniques that require training, but again, simply awareness. The specific teaching skills of creativity and challenge are associated more with the types of materials and activities, and their level and appropriateness. Ease and facility in these two areas come with experience and familiarity with the syllabus and mate rials. Lastly, a teacher who knows his grammar gives himself credibility and stature in the eyes of his students. With a little training in how to explain grammar and how to teach it, teachers have an indispensable tool.

Marketing Kraft Food Group, Inc.

KRAFT FOODS GROUP, INC. JASMINE de GENESTE kraft paper Foods Group, Inc. kraft Foods Group, Inc. is a compilation of C. W. Post, Oscar Meyer and James Lewis kraft paper. each(prenominal) of these men started a business that would change state significantly because of the innovative thinking and deal they had to produce a intersection that gained guest loyalty and profits. The way they conducted business in the latenineteenth Century, early 20th Century showed tidy sum for a emerging that would be up to(p) to distri yete productions effectively and efficiently with advertising the notice style. Mr.Post employ market step up techniques that argon now considered industry standards, but which were innovative for their time. These included extensive advertising, coupons, innocent samples, product demonstrations, plant tours and recipe booklets (Mit. edu, 2013). more organizations today sulleners, free samples, coupons and product demonstrations and the core of money t hat argon used for marketing is astronomical. Each of these men went around the communities to publish and sell the products to nodes, by development long horse and cart. This gained the trust of customers and the appreciation that they delivered every last(predicate)owed them to gain blush more business.Throughout the years as each of the companies grew and the mark material body became popular and bank by consumers, allowed for mergers and acquisitions to expand the businesses to make higher(prenominal) profits. In the early 1980s universal Foods acquired all three companies and formed kraft paper Foods Inc. in 1989. kraft is a beloved- meg-dollar brand that spans the continent with many different products from undistinguished butter to tall mallow and anything dressings (kraft paper. com, 2013). A accompaniment confided by millions across the world. Many home plate in North America and Canada believe the brand name Kraft to be a name to be trusted.Kraft was a su bsidiary of Mondelez world-wideistic until 2012, a spun off was done to allow Kraft to decoct on the North American and Canadian grocery business leaving Mondelez to steering on the snack business globally. It was a move that was made to allow Kraft to take advantage of its brand name with consumers that trust and rely on the products. The delegacy is to be North Americas best aliment and beverage party. Our company has a great heritage that were building into an even greater future (Kraft. com, 2013). The mission statement is short and sweet, and the company stands behind be the best food and beverage company.This is proven in the annual report that states Wal-Mart was responsible for 25% of gross revenue alone (Kraft. com, 2013). Kraft $18 billion dollar company with sales in food and beverages and the impact that it has had on 98% of households in the United States along with 99% in Canada. Krafts customers be wholesalers, supermarket chains, distributors value store s to name a few. The name in itself is worth billions and Kraft is using it along with the explanation from the beginning of the 19th Century to show, how it will impact consumers future. Kraft is a beloved-billion-dollar brand that spans the continent with many different products from peanut butter to cheese and anything dressings (Kraft. com, 2013). All part of the positioning of the products that has the Kraft name that consumers trust and depend on. Kraft realized that it needed to separate itself from Mondelez International in order to increase profits, customer loyalty and sh atomic number 18holders support. The strategic move will help Kraft once again go bad Americas deem one family name. The customer aggroups interact with operations to effectively manage customer relations.This is achieved by collaborating with customers to develop strategies to introduce new products, desex categories, consumer insights, consumer markets, promote products, and price setting. Kraft r esources atomic number 18 combined across product lines to effectively support retailers, and advice retailers on the strategies to use for products to check the highest profit. Acosta and Crossmark be the sales and marketing agencies used by Kraft as extensions to the customer team to go away in-store product stead support, distribution and execution of promotions for products.Innovative thinking and engine room has enabled Kraft to reach many of its customers by nature of the Internet. It can work for your product or service if you plan and course an integrated communications plan intentional to strengthen and observe your relationship with the customer (Muse, 2013). Kraft web position is very informative and it has all the information that customers and retailers find informative. It gives insight to the mission, vision, environment, sustainability and history of Kraft.This is all part of marketing as stated by Professor Brauer the offshoot of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of goods and function to facilitate exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. The product positioning used by Kraft Foods Group, Inc ar a combination of competitor positioning, price positioning, graphic symbol train positioning and product attributes. Kraft fountain competition with large national and international companies, and have to differentiate its product from competitors to maintain competitive advantage.The woodland of products and innovative harvest-tide, brand name, and the loyalty of our consumers for the excellent service we provide help position Kraft products. Our consumers and customers are satisfied with their product preference because they are given the ability to identify the product. increase placement is the insertion of commercial products in entertainment products (Miclot, & Segal, 2012, p. 20). The use of advertising campaigns to market brand names along with promotions for consumers are accomplished by third-party vendors by analyzing buying patterns, trends and the knowledge that we have on consumers to bring in marketing programs.The goals and objectives for Kraft Food Groups, Inc. are to be able to predict, identify and defend the taste and dietary habits of consumers and to offer products that petition to consumer preferences (Kraft. com, 2013). Being able to predict the shifts in consumer taste for short-term, or long-term trends is imperative form for Kraft revenue. The different products offered to consumers are to a fault important and Kraft innovative team will undertake the development, introduction, and rapid growth for products.Intellectual property protection for Kraft product and ensuring that the rights of others intellectual property is not being infringed. The perception of Kraft Foods Group, Inc. must be positive by ensuring health implications of products has the highest quality to be accepted by consumers. The sales and market share are alter if consumers are not satisfied and if products are not developed quickly. Ensuring that divestures are give of our debt and we maintain a great place in the Standard and Poors ratings. Being ready to keep the comparative advantage if Mondelez should become one of our competitors in the future.Kraft Foods Group, Inc. will ensure that consumer satisfaction are met by offering a diverse set of products with the highest quality to ensure increase revenue for shareholders. honorable mention Brauer, T. (2013). Marketing. Retrieved April 12th, 2013 from the Colorado Technical University Web site https//campus. ctuonline. edu/pages/MainFrame. aspx? ContentFrame=/Home/Pages/Default. aspx Kraft Foods Group. (2013). Mission Statement. Retrieved April 12th, 2013, from the initiation dewy-eyed Web http//www. kraftfoodsgroup. com/About/index. aspx Kraft. com. (2013).Annual traverse on Form 10K. Retrieved April 12th, 2013, from the instauration all-inclusive Web http//www . kraftfoodsgroup. com/Investor/annual_shareholders_meeting. aspx Miclot, S. & Segal, S. (2012). Introduction to Marketing. Words of soundness LLC. Schaumberg, IL. 1st Ed. Mit. edu. (2013). The History of Kraft Foods, Inc. Retrieved April 12th, 2013 from the World Wide Web http//web. mit. edu/allanmc/www/kraftfoods. pdf Muse. (2013). evolution Marketing Strategy and Mix. Retrieved April 8th, 2013 from the World Wide Web https//campus. ctuonline. edu/courses/MKT210/p1/hub1/25351. pdf

Leadership And Change Management In Businesses Commerce Essay

Authentic leadership is a force.Every organisation with different grounds has to take portion in alteration. The high ground may differ from increasing market portion, traveling with the competition, altering with the society or can besides be in order to last in the market. Change is something deeds that is a critical, compulsory and requires all direction maps, which are Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Co-ordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting ( by Henry Fayol 1937 ) .1.Its essential to have good direction for a company to succeed as workers respond favorably towards their leadership and will comply with a leader.pdf ) .Over the old ages one many change direction theories and theoretical accounts have developed out of which there are some popular and widely used theories, there are no peculiar front-runner theories for deploying alteration, and it would surely be agreed that the whole construct is comparatively immature and developing. The whole construct is once more really situational and requires new single attack based on the organisation and the alteration it wishes to undergo. But, one of the most popular logical and widely used alteration direction theory it the McKinsey ‘s 7S theoretical account, which can non merely be used as a little alteration direction theory, but besides in instance of analyzing an organisation and its activities.

An excellent leader will have ability to acquire the maximum quality from Realtors they possess the capacity.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_mail ) , large Royal Mail employees the staff up to 121,000, which exceeds the figure of staff in full Royal direct Mail Group ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.Second, the manager should show integrity in executing their duties.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) , as more and more concern organisations and persons depend upon E-mails and assorted IT based formats to pass on.

The supervisor also needs to be able to ease the change by mobilizing the employees to sell the notion of the change.1: – Decreasing Net incomesRoyal Mail faced serious functional issues, which made its operation suffer losingss up to ?279 million in the fiscal twelvemonth of 2007 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7417634.Fifthly, a manager ought to be in a place to devote time to collect information required to first express the way the significant the company is to the firm.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8426538.stm ) .

Businesses search for a bachelor degree holder although generally most small firms hunt for expertise in the area.co.uk/1/hi/business/6252202.stm ) . The direction found out that most of its potential rivals used high-tech machinery for screening and administering doing them more efficient and therefore deriving the trusts of the clients, and that they are falling behind as they have non been able to overhaul ( spatial hypertext transfer protocol: //news.INTRODUCTION When companies need to accomplish significant change they turn to some leader extract from from the organization.Therefore, 2nd most of import issue necessitating the direction to do critical technological alterations called for a modernisation policy.3.3: – marked Decrease in MarketResearch conducted by the BBC shows that Royal Mail delivers around 75 million stations everyday. It counts to 90 per centum of the UK ‘s market.

Each member ought to have the abdominal discomfort of failure and must feel responsible for work.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) . This decrease in the market public shows that the direction needs to be really efficient in their operations.3.All staff members must realize deeds that should they re not able to satisfy their undertakings deadline or are not more able to execute their Jobs satisfactorily, they are letting the team instead of Just the project supervisor down.stm ) , These issues forced the direction to travel things otherwise, and to come up with a policy that make their military operations more profitable, and the could vouch their endurance and being as UK taking electronic mail administering organisation.4: – The Modernization Policy of Royal MailIt is really clear, that a stringent policy was required to undertake all the important issue ( mentioned supra ) that direction faced and to prolong in long tally, the direction did the exact thing by bordering a ecological modernisation policy, which could be called as a type of procedure alteration by Pull offing alteration logical and passage Harvard Business Essential. The policy required the direction to bring on extra finance of around 1.2 billion in modern machine.

The work group are derived from the leader and free will be not able to behave.stm ) , and the policy besides focused on altering the agenda of the employee, to do their labour hr direction more effectual.The purpose of modernisation policy was to undertake logical and startle Royal mail working against all the above mentioned issues. The inducement of excess finance unlooked for machinery would intend that the operation of mail would be more effectual, speedier and able to vie keyword with the increasing and competent competition. The decrease in staff would ensue into cost effectual operations and therefore increasing its net net income and ensuing into lessening in its pension fund shortages.Learning manners group common methods other people learn.uk/1/hi/business/8339201.stm ) and could farther increase harmonizing to the CWU ( Communication Workers Union, which represented the Staff of Royal Mail ) . The political Union agreed with direction on the staff decrease for endur ance, but disagreed on the gait of occupation cuts logical and the wage rise issues.It would be undue towards the direction if I said that they failed to follow the alteration opposite direction theory, of McKinsey ‘s seven ‘S ‘ .

stm ) .5. 1: – ‘Royal Mail Industrial Dispute ‘A confrontation and consent with CWU gave a spell to the alteration policy to be implemented, and the execution began in the twelvemonth 2008 click all around UK, but when the same reached London, as per the fright of CWU the occupation loss she had already reached the outlook as mentioned above and it could no longer digest ignorance of staff over implementing the policy. Demanding a clearer image and direct engagement in the execution of the 2nd stage of the alteration policy the brotherhood showed great agitation in the twelvemonth 2009, and presented direction with below mentioned demands and a committedness from opposite direction to be able to successfully implement their demands.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6252202.stm ) .stm ) . The work stoppages started from early August 2009 ensuing into series of work stoppage boulder clay November 2009, and came on a clasp on history of merry Christmas ( hypertext transfe r protocol: //news.bbc.co.On 8th March 2010, a study from the BBC conformed that direction of Royal electronic Mail has successfully been able to carry the Union to assist implement the modernisation policy. political Demands of Union were cohesively fitting underpinning the benefits of both the stakeholders. Management agreed to give a wage sharp rise of 6.9 % over three old ages and an extra monitory fillip of ?1,400 to all full clip employees.